The Morrison Company , Wheelwright , S.C and Myers, P. ( 2011), Assignment

The Morrison Company , Wheelwright , S.C and Myers, P. ( 2011), Harvard Business School - Assignment Example Breen can adopt the following strategies for bringing in the organizational change required to improve the performance. 1. It was found that personalization or customization of the smart labels is creating problems as Morrison was facing bottlenecks due to personalization delaying the packaging operation, moreover pharmaceutical companies required less customization as only 15% of orders were customized and its average price is $0.22 and represented two-thirds of Morrison revenue however 85% of retail orders were personalized with average price being only $.11. So it is recommended that personalization should be done only for large orders and not small orders and interchangeability manufacturing system should be introduced (Patil 2008). 2. Optimal Inventory Policy to be adopted: It was found that the current inventory policy of Morrison is inefficient as it is contributing towards significant lead time and suppliers are not able to supply 100 percent of the orders on time due to whic h Morrison is delivering orders 10 weeks later than the originally scheduled date. Therefore the inventory policy for materials has to change and optimum inventory policy should be adopted. Optimum inventory policy calls for two models, first through developing a simple model in which the relevant quantities and constant future demand flow are estimated in advance and second by developing an uncertainty model in which the random variable is demand flow is studied with probability distribution. Using two models, â€Å"the best maximum stock and the best reordering point are determined as functions of the demand distribution, the cost of making an order and the penalty of stock depletion† (Arrow et al 1950, p.1; Tempelmeier 2012). The optimum safety stock acts as a buffer production plan that takes into account the random uncertain events such as breakdowns of machines, random demands and late deliveries (Tempelmeier 2012). 3. ERP system to be launched: ERP system is used exten sively by both large and small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). Breen should convince her CEO that ERP system provides both tangible and intangible benefits to the organization and its benefits are much more than its cost not vice versa. Tangible benefits realized from launching ERP system are reduction of inventory, personnel, financial close cycle, cost of IT, cost of procurement, and maintenance; improvements in productivity, order management, cash management, increase in profit and revenue and ensures on time delivery. Intangible benefits derived are increased visibility, improved processes, reduction in overall costs, customer responsiveness, more integration, flexibility, increase in performance of business and improved demand/supply chain (O’Leary 2004). It has become a must for integrating various business functions and for gaining competitive advantage however it must be customized, have support of top management (Fosser 2008). It can use materials requirement re source planning and manufacturing resource planning (Patil 2008). 4. Materials supplier sources should be increased: As it was found that

Choosing and Describing Applications and Hardware Essay Example for Free

Choosing and Describing Applications and Hardware Essay Hardware is any piece of computer equipment which can be physically touched. All hardware can then be split into four major categories: o Input o Output o Processor o Storage Some examples of hardware are: o Mouse Input device o Keyboard Input device o Monitor Output device o Tower Processing/Storage device o Printer Output device o Scanner Input Device Software is a coded program which can only be used while the computer is running. It is a non-physical thing which cannot be physically touched. Without the software, a computer would be useless. Some examples of software are: o Microsoft Word o Microsoft Excel o Pain Shop Pro o Microsoft Access o PhotoFiltre HARDWARE: 2. Input Devices The types of input devices available to me were: Input devices Advantages Disadvantages Keyboard Allows the entry of number, letters and punctuation by the user pressing keys corresponding to each symbol. o A wide range of different symbols can be produced o It is quick and easy to do it you can touch-type o It is simple to learn how to use one o Speciallist keyboards can allow more detailed and comfortable typing o Most computers have one attached as default o Inputting data can be a very tedious process, especially if the user is not a touch-typer o Errors can easily be made by accident by the users hand/fingers slipping o It cannot be used to easily access menus and change settings of the software Mouse A standard pointing device which allows the cursor to move by moving the physical object. A ball is placed in the base of the mouse, and its movements are proportionate to the movement of the cursor. It also has two buttons on it to press on-screen buttons. o It comes as standard with most desktop computers (not laptops) so no additional cost is incurred o It is very simple for the user to learn how to use one, which means the majority of users can use them o They are normally attached by a wire to the computer, so the mouse needs to be near the computer o A flat space is needed to use it properly o It is not compatible to use with all types of hardware e.g. notebook or palmtop computers Digital Camera This is a device which allows the user to take photographs of scenes. It works by a array of light sensors, and when a picture is taken the colours are converted to digital signals by these sensors. These picture can then be transferred to a computer when necessary, and they can also be printed. They come is a variety of resolutions. o Pictures can be taken, and then deleted immediately if they are not liked/needed o No film is needed, and it contains RAM which is good because it allows pictures to be taken off the camera, and more pictures can be put on again in the RAM o Editing the images is very easy and quick o Images are easily transported from one piece of software to another o They are becoming more and more easy to buy in shops (commercial) o The cameras are more expensive than normal ones, and the price is normally proportionate to the resolution, which means good quality cameras are extremely expensive o Memory is expensive, so images often have to be compressed to allow a suitable number of pictures to be stored, the pictures are normally very large (e.g. 3KB) Or only a few pictures can be taken if they are not compressed Scanner A scanner copies text or pictures which are placed inside the lid. It works by shining a beam of light onto the paper you are copying and the light is then changed into a digital image. This device comes in lots of different resolutions and the pictures can the be stored onto the computer and special software can modify the picture to make different effects. There are two types of scanner: flatbed scanner and handheld scanner. o They can be very accurate because they normally have a very high resolution, far higher than digital cameras o Any of the images produced can be put onto the computer and enhanced to make different formats of picture and to produce different effects of the picture o It is one of the only ways to get a detailed picture of a piece of paper onto a computer o Images are normally very large and tend to take up a lot of space, which either means they have to be compressed to allow more pictures to be stored or only a few images can be stored o The quality of the final image is normally dependent on the quality of the original piece of paper, which has some limitations o Some scanners can be large and take up a lot of space o A flat area is needed for a flatbed scanner which may not always be available It is important that data is entered correctly because accuracy is extremely important. If telephone numbers are entered incorrectly, this would mean that customers would be unable to contact the organisation if needed. This could be detrimental to the number of enquiries it would receive. This could be harmful to the amount of profit gained by the organisation, which could have been easily prevented if this human error was picked up earlier. It also makes the organisation become sloppy and unprofessional if problems like this are not spotted, and if work is not proof read before it goes to print. I could check that the data has been correctly entered by proof reading everything several times, and getting an unconnected person to read it through to spot any errors. This would prevent any misunderstandings and confusion. I could also use the Spelling and Grammar Checker which is on most of the Microsoft programmes, which could pick up lots of mistakes. But this does not pick up missed letters or missed words which would cause even more confusion. This can again be resolved by proof reading. The choice of data entry method can affect speed and accuracy because typing is normally a very slow and tedious process which takes up a lot of time. This method of entry means that it is also easy to make a typing error, which not always be picked up upon, which is inaccurate. If a microphone was used, alongside a voice recognition programme, it would be a much quicker and efficient method of entering data. But this software is expensive to purchase but once up and running, it is easy to use for most people. 3. Output Devices The types of output devices available to me were: Output devices Advantages Disadvantages Monitor This is the most common piece of equipment for displaying information, and the picture is made of pixels, and the resolution is dependent on how dense the pixels are. Typically they are of 17inch size, but some are larger, and more expensive! o They normally come default with a standard computer o They are very reliable o It allows to user to know what they are doing o It can display text and graphics all at the same time, in complicated layers o Flat screens do not take up excessive amounts of space o New screens are normally light and they do not reflect a lot of sunlight because of the specially designed screens o It is not a permanent copy, if items are not saved they will be lost when the computer is switched off o The screens are normally made of glass so they can be fragile and reflect a lot of light which can make the screen hard to read o They are not suitable for users with visual problems o The screen is only a certain size, which limits the amount of information that is able to be shown at one time Laser Printer Their function is to put ink onto paper, so that a hardcopy of the document can be produced. It works by fusing powdered ink onto paper. o They can produce a very large quantity of prints in a very short amount of time e.g. 10 20 ppm sot hey are very efficient o The quality of the printouts are very good, with a high resolution e.g. 600 1200 dpi o The device is almost silent when running and when printing, which is good because it means it doesnt disrupt work o Even though the toner cartridges are expensive, they last a very long time which means the running costs are relatively low o The printers nearly always have a high start-up cost, especially the colour ones o The hardware used is very complex and they are hard to repair if they break, which can be costly o They are very bulky and take up a lot of space which means not everyone would be able to have them o Only certain sizes of paper can be used in them, which can cause problems Inkjet Printer Its function is to put ink onto paper, so that a hardcopy of the document can be produced. It works by letting ink flow out of a nozzle onto the paper. o They are cheap to buy and run, which means they are suitable for most householders and small offices o They have a relatively good resolution, which means their prints are of a good quality e.g. 300 dpi o They are quiet so they dont cause a nuisance to workers o They are not as bulky or heavy as Laser Printers which makes them easier to store and use o They are slower compared to Laser Printers, which means they are not necessarily suitable for bigger offices, colour prints can take up to 30 seconds per page o The general cost of the cartridges is more than those of the Laser Printers o Cartridges also need to be replaced much more frequently than Laser Printers o The ink takes a few minutes to dry and it can easily be smudged if the wet ink is touched o Cartridges can easily dry out if left for a long period of time The similarities and differences between these are 4. Hardware used (for input and output) The hardware I used to make my system included In the computers that I used, they all had a 40GB Hard Drive which means that the computer can store 40GB worth of programs and games for it to function properly. The Hard Drive stores all the computers information and protects it all when the computer has been turned off. The computers also had Pentium 4 Processors in them, which are microprocessors, which allows a much higher bandwidth than on computers with the old Pentium 3 Processors. It also has 256MB RAM, which allows the computer to do all the necessary tasks needed, when the computer is turned on. All these components are more than are actually needed, but they just allow the user have an easier time while carrying out tasks on the computer. 5. Reasons for choosing this hardware. I decided to choose this hardware because it was the only option available to me in school. But the 6. Alternative hardware. I could have chosen different hardware to use: Hardware Advantages Disadvantages Suitability for my problem Track Ball This is similar to a normal mouse but instead of moving the object to make the pointer on the screen move, your fingertips move the ball which is on top of the object. It also has two buttons on it so buttons on screen can be clicked. It is normally used with CAD. It is an input device. * It uses up very little space when being used, because the actual object just stays in one place and does not move around like a mouse does * They are useful for computers that have limited spaces as the ball can be built into the keyboard * The user has to learn how to use it which can be difficult if they are used to a normal mouse * They do not come standard with a computer and have to be bought separately at an extra cost It would be very suitable to use when doing my project because once the user is used to using it, the process would be much quicker. It would also be useful because it is small and can carried around to be plugged into various computers at different locations. Graphic Tablet This is a flat pad which is placed on the worktop and a special pen is used to write on it. This allows much more accurate/detailed pictures to be produced on the computer compared to a mouse. Designers normally use this hardware and it is a input device. * It is an easy way to input hand-drawn pictures into the computer without using a scanner * It is easy to use, just like writing on paper * Letter/word recognition software can be installed to make a easier method of inputting text * They can be expensive to buy * It is harder to click on menu buttons than with a regular mouse * The pictures they produce will normally be a .jpg file which can be hard to edit once on the computer This wouldnt be very suitable because there is no need for detailed pictures top be put on the computer that cant be created via another method. It would also be too expensive for me to buy personally so it would have to be provided by a second party. Speakers These are a type of hardware which is used to listen to sounds and music. They either come within the computer (internal) or they can be placed next to the computer and attached with wires (external). * Everyone can hear the sounds, so it is especially good for making and presenting presentations. * If special software is used, text can be converted into sound which is especially helpful for sight-impaired users. * Headphones can normally be attached * External customers can end up being very expensive * Space is needed next to the computer for external speakers to sit * The speakers could disturb other people working This piece of hardware would be helpful to use because it would have allowed me to add sounds to my presentation which I could hear in the making of it. SOFTWARE: 7. Software used The software I used to create my system was: Software Advantages Disadvantages Microsoft PowerPoint This is normally used to make basic presentations, and animations and sounds can be added to make the presentation more effective. This was used to make my main presentation. * The program comes with the standard package of Microsoft Office, so no extra charge is incurred to purchase it * Most people are familiar with the program * The controls on the program are relatively easy to use, so many people can use them * The program does not have very good graphic settings, so normally another program had to be used to manipulate pictures etc * Illiterate users may find it hard to use * It is easy to make mistakes when producing presentations PhotoFiltre This is a complex graphics package, which is used to make and manipulate pictures, and is often used to create logos etc. I used this program to produce my logo for the Health Centre. * The controls on the program are very easy to use * Pictures can be manipulated easily, as to improve the effect of the graphic * This is not a default program of the Microsoft package, so an extra charge is incurred for the user to purchase it * Many users are not familiar with the program, so they may have to learn to use it or they may turn to an easier program 8. Alternative solutions. Software Advantages Disadvantages Suitability for my problem PaintShopPro This is another graphics program and could be used instead of PhotoFiltre. It could be used to create my logo. * This program is more well known than PhotoFiltre, so more people would be able to use it * There is more advanced versions available which allow more complex manipulation to take place * This is more expensive than PhotoFiltre, and can often cost hundreds of pounds * It is hard to use unless you have been trained in using it This would be very suitable for my problem as it does the same job, just in a more efficient and quick way- because the controls are a lot more complex. But this program was not available in school.

Negative Consequences of Cigarette Smoking Essay -- Cigarette Smoking

Negative Consequences of Cigarette Smoking Everyone has a family member, friend, or co-worker who smokes. They have chosen to smoke, but by just being around them, many people are also smoking. Before one chooses to take this risk he should think what problems can he face because of it. There are many causes for smoking but effects of smoking are same. Smoking is a hazardous habit because it leads to addiction, disease, and high-risk pregnancy. Commercials show that smoking is a way to relax and to be cool by smoking cigarettes; they never show the negative side of it. For example, addiction is one of the bad side effects of smoking and it is caused by nicotine. Once one inhales the cigarette he or she will want the need for another one. Many people change there personalities because of the addiction to smoking. One may adopt more grouchy and violent behavior and need a cigarette to relax, but instead it is doing more damage. Researchers have found ways to control addictions and some have succeeded while many have failed. People at a younger age start to get addicted by the nicotine in the cigarette and this is where the problem starts. One of the major effects of smoking is also causing of fatal diseases. First, a major disease caused by smoking is cancer. According to American lung association of Texas lung cancer is leading killer of both men and women in U.S.A and number one cause of lung cancer is smoking. This disease can change into a huge problem if it is... Negative Consequences of Cigarette Smoking Essay -- Cigarette Smoking Negative Consequences of Cigarette Smoking Everyone has a family member, friend, or co-worker who smokes. They have chosen to smoke, but by just being around them, many people are also smoking. Before one chooses to take this risk he should think what problems can he face because of it. There are many causes for smoking but effects of smoking are same. Smoking is a hazardous habit because it leads to addiction, disease, and high-risk pregnancy. Commercials show that smoking is a way to relax and to be cool by smoking cigarettes; they never show the negative side of it. For example, addiction is one of the bad side effects of smoking and it is caused by nicotine. Once one inhales the cigarette he or she will want the need for another one. Many people change there personalities because of the addiction to smoking. One may adopt more grouchy and violent behavior and need a cigarette to relax, but instead it is doing more damage. Researchers have found ways to control addictions and some have succeeded while many have failed. People at a younger age start to get addicted by the nicotine in the cigarette and this is where the problem starts. One of the major effects of smoking is also causing of fatal diseases. First, a major disease caused by smoking is cancer. According to American lung association of Texas lung cancer is leading killer of both men and women in U.S.A and number one cause of lung cancer is smoking. This disease can change into a huge problem if it is...

One Child Policy Should Be Abolished

One child policy has been in effect in China for more than thirty years. However, during the recent several years, the controversy of whether the government should abolish the one child policy has been debated widely among government officials as well as ordinary people. It is a significant issue because it involves a lot of essential social problems and moral principles. There have been various opinions concerning this issue. This essay will consider arguments for abolishing the one child policy and point out the problems and consequences of keeping the policy in effect. When the one child policy was advanced, it had been argued that one child policy would benefit the country as well as its people (Qing, 1995). Its undeniable that the one child policy has shown its great effect on alleviating the population pressure. However, as the society develops, more and more inharmonious social problems are coming about because of the one child policy, among which the biggest problem is the unbalanced population. By 2020, there will be about 40 million Chinese men unable to marry, because too few girls will have been born. Sociologists say that could trigger aggressive behavior among frustrated bachelors, including kidnapping and trafficking in women. † (VOA, 2006). Moreover, the one child policy is also exacerbating China's aging population problem, whose severe consequences will be further explained in the following statement. It is the contention that china's one child policy helps eradicate poverty (idebate. org). This opinion goes on to assert that by controlling china’s population with one child policy, there will be more resources distributed to every individual, thus the society will be wealthier and poverty will be eliminated. In fact, it is on the contrary that after china’s population has been massively reduced, the one child policy has started doing harm to the economy. The unusually rapid fertility decline in China has produced a rapidly aging population—one that is expected to become disproportionately older well into this century. What’s worse, â€Å"By 2025, the aging level among urban Chinese will reach 20 percent, a level found today only in Japan and Italy. † (idebate. org) As a result, there are and there will be fewer and fewer available labors contribute to China’s economical development. In addition, other social problems related to aging population such as the burden on the social welfare system and medical insurance system are becoming more and more severe. Above all, the one child policy violates basic human right. The policy has been criticized by human rights advocacy groups and Western religious advocacy groups who consider it contrary to the human rights of reproduction. Many governments, including the United State government, argue that the policy violates a right to â€Å"found a family†, which is protected under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. (UDHR, 1948) Indeed, forcing every married couple to have only one child is morally unreasonable. Moreover, it is every couple themselves, not the government, that have the right to choose how many children they are going to have. Thus, although the one child policy’s intention is to create a better society for people, it has already done harm to people’s basic human rights. In conclusion, even though the one child policy has done a good job before on controlling China’s population, it has been proved out-of-date and should be abolished, at least changed, nowadays. Otherwise, we will still be suffering from the economical burdens, aging population problem, human rights violation, etc, due to the one child policy.

Is the Use of the Death Penalty Justice and Is It Fair Essay

It is fair to say that capital punishment is under attack, particularly in the South where it is most commonly practiced. Not only have serious criticisms been raised by scholars in criminal justice, criminology and related disciplines, but newspapers have published scathing news reports suggesting that innocent people have been sentenced to death and even executed, and alleging racial discrimination in capital punishment practice. According to Robinson (2011), four basic facts establish the realities of American capital punishment. The first is that capital punishment is practiced in most but not all United States jurisdictions. Specifically, there are 34 states with the death penalty, and 16 without. The federal government also maintains capital punishment, as does the military, but the District of Columbia does not carry out executions. However, of these death penalty jurisdictions, only nine regularly carry out an execution, meaning they have averaged at least one execution a year since 1976 when capital punishment was reinstated; thus only about one-quarter (26%) of death penalty states (nine of 34) and 18% of all states in the country (nine of 50) average one or more executions per year. Further, only one state has carried out at least ten executions per year since 1976, Texas. In fact, only about 10% of counties with the death penalty imposed a death sentence between the years 2004 and 2009. Justice is typically defined as administering and maintaining what is just or right. Robinson (2011) says that there are three broad issues discussed and debated by scholars of justice theory: freedom, welfare, and virtue. Some justice theorists argue that what matters most for deciding what is right or just is freedom; whether individual rights are respected and protected. Another school of thought is the egalitarian libertarians. These scholars suggest that what matters most for justice is equality of opportunity in society and taking care of the least advantaged citizens. Other justice theorists focus on welfare, or general well-being and happiness of people in society. They argue that what matters most for justice is the welfare of society, or its overall happiness. Finally, other justice theorists argue that what matters most for justice is virtue, or moral goodness and righteousness. The purpose of the death penalty is incapacitation, deterrence, and retribution. Incapacitation is understood as removing the ability of offenders to commit future crimes. Incarceration is the typical form whereas execution is the ultimate form. Deterrence refers to creating fear in would be offenders through punishment to prevent future crimes. Capital punishment can only be aimed at preventing crime by would-be murderers, general deterrence, since it cannot create fear in murderers who have already been executed, specific deterrence. Retribution refers to righting or rebalancing the scales of justice through punishment in order to achieve justice for crime victims. Executions are often depicted as retribution for the crime of murder, as well as a source of closure for murder victims’ families. Robinson (2011) claims that criminologists and capital punishment scholars overwhelmingly indicate that the death penalty fails to achieve these goals, mostly because of the rarity of death sentences and executions. Logically, if death sentences and executions were more common, capital punishment would be more likely to achieve these goals. Yet we also know that the more frequently the death penalty is used, the greater the costs associated with the policy, including not only additional financial costs but also a greater risk of convicting, sentencing to death, and executing the innocent. This ultimately has great significance for the â€Å"justice† of capital punishment. Van Den Haag (1986) says that the death penalty is an effective form of deterrence because it is feared more than life imprisonment. Many of the convicts under death sentence appeal their sentence and try to get it reduced to life imprisonment. Van Den Haag argues that even though there is no factual evidence that the death penalty deters would be criminals more than life imprisonment, the fact that more people fear the death penalty makes it a better deterrent. Reiman (1985) agrees with Robinson’s view that the use of the death penalty is not successful as a deterrent. He gives four main reasons that refute Van Den Haag’s argument. His first reason is that although people fear the death penalty more than life in prison, nobody wants to spend life in prison either. People do not have the mentality that they can commit a crime because they will â€Å"only† get sentenced to life in prison. Although the person will be alive, they will have all freedom taken from them, which after awhile, can be seen just as horrible, if not worse, than death. Reiman’s second point is that if a person is contemplating committing a crime, they are already facing an enormous risk of being killed in the process. Roughly 500 to 700 suspected felons are killed by police in the line of duty every year and many Americans own their own guns. When taking that into account, it does not seem very likely that the would be criminal will be able to commit the crime without at least being injured by the police or the would be victim. His third reason against Van Den Haag’s view is that using the death penalty is hypocritical. The law states that a person cannot take the life of another, but when they do, their punishment could be death. It is not possible to say murder is illegal and then have it as a possible punishment. He argues that not having the death penalty better exemplifies that idea that murder is wrong. His last point is that it is illogical to practice the death penalty simply because it is feared more than life imprisonment. He says that people would fear death by torture more than lethal injection, so does that mean we should begin the practice of death by torture because more people are afraid of it? Unless it can be proven that the death penalty is a better deterrent than life in prison, Reiman (1985) argues that the death penalty should be abolished. Robinson (2011) says that as for the issue of innocence, there is little doubt that people are wrongly convicted of murder every year and that a handful are even sentenced to death. More than 130 people have been freed from death row during the era of â€Å"super due process† that began in 1976 when the US Supreme Court reinstated capital punishment. Wrongful convictions often occur due to honest errors such as mistaken eyewitness testimony and faulty forensic evidence, but when they occur due to issues such as: false confessions, lying informants, government misconduct, and ineffective defense counsel. There is also little doubt that innocent people have even been executed, although most of the known cases are from prior to the era of super due process in capital sentencing. There remain at least eight widely known cases where men have been recently executed despite serious doubts about their actual guilt. On the issue of executing the innocent, Van Den Haag (1986), makes the argument that the advantages of using the death penalty as a punishment outweigh the unintended losses. He states, â€Å"Miscarriages of justice are offset by the moral benefits and the usefulness of doing justice (139). His argument is that mistakes have and do occur in innocent people being sentenced to death, but the benefits of using it are more important. It would be more of a detriment to society to stop the use of the death enalty than it is when an innocent person is executed. In regards to race, America’s death penalty has always been plagued by serious racial biases. Little evidence remains of the historic discrimination by race of defendant, although state-specific anecdotal evidence suggests blacks are still occasionally discriminated against, especially when accused of killing whites and when juries are overwhelmingly white. Robinson (2011) says that most experts now point to a â€Å"race of victim† effect, whereby killers of whites are far more likely to be sentenced to death and executed than killers of other races and. For example, a comprehensive study of race and the death penalty in North Carolina showed that killers of whites were more than three times more likely to receive death sentences than killers of blacks. In the state, 80% of those people executed since 1976 killed white people; only about 40% of North Carolina homicide victims are white. Further, a study of capital punishment practice in the state from 1999 to 2006 found that blacks who killed whites were 14 times more likely to be sentenced to death than whites who killed blacks. Also, there were six executions of blacks who killed whites during the time period, yet zero executions of whites who killed blacks. Van Den Haag’s (2011) stance on the distribution of the death penalty being discriminatory is that â€Å"punishments are imposed on persons, not on racial or economic groups† (138). The death penalty is not specifically issued to certain races. It depends on the crime that the person committed. Van Den Haag also says, â€Å"Justice requires that as many of the guilty as possible be punished, regardless of whether others have avoided punishment. To let these others escape the deserved punishment does not do justice to them, or to society. But it is not unjust to those who could not escape it† (139). Van Den Haag does not view the fact that black people or other minorities receive the death penalty more than whites as being unjust. However, what is unjust is the white people who were not sentenced to death when they should have been. Given these important empirical realities of the death penalty, the next issue to address is which of them are relevant for the â€Å"justice† of capital punishment practice. As noted earlier, it depends on which theory of justice is being referred to. Libertarians ask whether capital punishment respects liberty or freedom. The most important question for egalitarians is whether capital punishment practice is equal or applied in an equal fashion. For utilitarians, the most important question is whether capital punishment increases overall utility or happiness in society. Finally, for virtue-based theorists, the question is whether capital punishment respects and promotes our values, our moral goodness, and whether it is the right thing to do. The questions above do not have universal answers. Everybody will have his or her own opinions on whether the death penalty respects a person’s freedom or whether it is the right thing to do. Reiman, Robinson and Van Den Haag all made successful and convincing arguments so it is hard to determine one view as more convincing than the other. It comes down to a personal choice and what a person chooses to believe as to whether the death penalty is fair and a proper form of justice.

Juvenile Court Personnel Essays

Juvenile Court Personnel Essays Juvenile Court Personnel Essay Juvenile Court Personnel Essay As a prosecutor, factors that would make me not prosecute a juvenile offender is the age, history of crime, and the severity of the offense. Also, I would look at the intent to commit a crime, and request psychiatric evaluations of the offender. Some juveniles may have mental problems that make them commit certain crimes. A mental evaluation may enable the court to determine whether the offender knows how to differentiate right from wrong. Office of the United States Attorneys (n.d) indicates that Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1938 gave the Attorney General the right to prosecute juvenile offenders with the exceptions of offenses punishable by death or imprisonment. As a prosecutor, I would suggest probation or community service for a juvenile offender who has committed minor crimes. The reason is that children can receive redemption and reform quickly. More so, some juveniles lack a sense of maturity and responsibility. Probation and community service might make the offender avoid future crimes. Furthermore, factors that I would consider regarding waiving the case to an adult court would be the nature of the alleged crime, age, rehabilitative prospects, maturity, and history of crimes. A juvenile who is 16, 17 or 18 and has committed crimes such as murder or robbery with violence may be transferred to adult court depending on the severity and recurrences of their crimes. US Department of Justice (2011) notes that in presumptive waiver cases, a juvenile who meets age, transgression, or other legislative inceptions must present waivers disproving the presumption or the courts will grant a waiver, and the juvenile will be transferred to a criminal court. The bulletin indicates that before the court waives the case to an adult court, they have to confirm that all the legal necessities are met. References Office of the United States Attorneys. (n.d). 116. Juvenile Delinquency Prosecution Introduction. United States Department of Justice. Retrieved from https://www.justice.gov/usam/criminal-resource-manual-116-juvenile-delinquency-prosecution-introduction US Department of Justice. (2011). Trying Juveniles as Adults: An Analysis of State Transfer Laws and Reporting. National Report Series. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/232434.pdf

Accomplishments & failures of Louis XIV essays

Accomplishments & failures of Louis XIV essays Europe chose the path of centralized power, and it was constructed by Louis XIV. He referred to himself as the "Sun King," the monarch at the center of the political constellation. He built Versailles and ruled his kingdom. He made absolutism the wave of the future and the high road to military glory and worldly power. He was not devoted to the catholic religion, but he took part in a reorganization of the Roman Catholic Church inside France. He went along with the reforms dictated by the pope in regards to religion, but his main goal was to make the court of France the center of fashion and art. That is when he created Versailles, the country estate. Louis bankrupted the Treasury of France through his wars. He fought four major ones, and his aim was to make himself supreme in Europe. He planned to conquer all lands west of the Rhine River. He also gained several important territories. He did end up having some failures as well. He spent more than France could afford. Not only had the building of Versailles disabled the Treasury, but his spending on his various mistresses and illegitimate children got out of hand. The Spanish War of Succession ruined the Treasury, and Louis never could raise the taxes enough to cover his love of his little wars and women. The good that he did with the money outweighs the fact that he bankrupted the treasury because he opened up a whole new world of culture for the people of France. ...

Elizabeth Vigee LeBrun

Elizabeth Vigee LeBrun Elizabeth Vigee LeBrun Facts Known for:  paintings of French notables, especially Queen Marie Antoinette; she depicted French royal lifestyles just at the end of the era for such livesOccupation:  painterDates:  April 15, 1755 – March 30, 1842Also known as: Marie Louise Elizabeth Vigee LeBrun, Elisabeth Vigà ©e Le Brun, Louise Elizabeth Vigee-Lebrun, Madame Vigee-Lebrun, other variations Family Mother: Jeanne Maissin, hairdresser from LuxembourgFather: Louis Vigee, portrait artist, working in pastels; member of the Academie de Saint Luc Marriage, Children: husband: Pierre LeBrun (married 1776, divorced; art dealer)children:Julie (born 1780) Elizabeth Vigee LeBrun Biography Elizabeth Vigee was born in Paris. Her father was a minor painter and her mother had been a hairdresser, born in Luxembourg. She was educated at a convent located near the Bastille. She drew early, getting in some trouble with the nuns at the convent. Her father died when she was 12, and her mother remarried. Her father had encouraged her to learn to draw, and she used her skills to set herself up as a portrait painter by the time she was 15, supporting her mother and brother.   When her studio had been seized by authorities because she did not belong to any guild, she applied to and was admitted to the Academie de Saint Luc, a painters’ guild which was not as important as the Academie Royale, patronized by more wealthy potential clients.   When her stepfather began spending her earnings, and after her she married an art dealer, Pierre LeBrun.   His profession, and her lack of important connections, may have been the main factors keeping her out of the Academie Royale. Her first royal commission was in 1776, commissioned to paint portraits of the king’s brother. In 1778, she was summoned to meet the queen, Marie Antoinette, and paint an official portrait of her. She painted the queen, sometimes with her children, so often that she became known as the official painter of Marie Antoinette.   As the opposition to the royal family grew, Elizabeth Vigee LeBrun’s less formal, more everyday, portrayals of the queen served a propaganda purpose, attempting to win over the French people to Marie Antoinette as devoted mother with a more middle-class style of living. Vigee LeBrun’s daughter, Julie, was born in 1780, and her mother’s self-portraits with her daughter also fell into the category of â€Å"maternity† portraits which Vigee LeBrun’s paintings helped make popular. In 1783, with the help of her royal connections, Vigee LeBrun was admitted to full membership to the Academie Royale, and critics were vicious in spreading rumors about her.   On the same day Vigee LeBrun was admitted to the Academie Royale, Madame Labille Guiard was also admitted; the two were bitter rivals. The next year, Vigee LeBrun suffered a miscarriage, and painted few portraits.   But she returned to her business of painting portraits of the wealthy and the royals. During these years of success, Vigee LeBrun also hosted salons, with conversations often focused on the arts. She was the subject of criticism for the expenses of some of the events that she hosted. The French Revolution Elizabeth Vigee LeBrun’s royal connections became, suddenly, dangerous, as the French Revolution broke out.   On the night, October 6, 1789, that mobs stormed the Versailles palace, Vigee LeBrun fled Paris with her daughter and a governess, making their way to Italy over the Alps.   Vigee LeBrun disguised herself for the escape, fearing that the public displays of her self-portraits would make her easy to identify. Vigee LeBrun spent the next twelve years self-exiled from France.   She lived in Italy from 1789 – 1792, then Vienna, 1792 – 1795, then Russia, 1795 – 1801.   Her fame preceded her, and she was much in demand for painting portraits during all of her travels, sometimes of French nobility in exile.   Her husband divorced her, so that he could retain his French citizenship, and she saw considerable financial success from her painting. Return to France In 1801, her French citizenship restored, she returned to France briefly, then lived in England 1803 – 1804, where among her portrait subjects was Lord Byron. In 1804 she returned to France to live for her last forty years, still in demand as a painter and still a royalist. She spent her very last years writing her memoirs, with the first volume published in 1835. Elizabeth Vigee LeBrun died in Paris in March of 1842. The rise of feminism in the 1970s led to a revival of interest in Vigee LeBrun, her art and her contributions to the history of art. Some paintings by Elizabeth Vigee LeBrun Marie Antoinette – etching based on Elizabeth Vigee LeBrun portraitMadame de Stael PortraitSelf-Portrait With DaughterSelf-PortraitMaria Christina of Bourbon-Naples

Is No Child Left Behind Working Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Is No Child Left Behind Working - Essay Example Within this context, the Federal government aims to provide economic aid to the state/ local educational agencies to uplift the academic standards of the present educational system in schools. Besides, the success of NCLB was fully vested upon the beneficiaries of the foretold educational policy. The basic factor of NCLB is to help the children with disabilities to acquire an important position within the educational system of the states in USA. As pointed out earlier, the aim of the federal government was systematic but the foretold educational innovation proves to be less successful because the federal government acted the role of a funding agency, not as an authority with full fledged power to alter the implementation and assessment of NCLB. Positives and negatives One can easily identify that the implementation of NCLB is with a number of positive and negative effects within the educational scenario. Gary L. Anderson opines that â€Å"On the positive side, some principals were a ble to use the leverage NCLB gave them to selectively implement some good programs† (27).

Economy of Saudi Arabia and Canada Research Paper

Economy of Saudi Arabia and Canada - Research Paper Example In this case it is worth noting that these two countries are of the developed world and for that matter are in the first world countries. The various similarities that come into play are going to be focused on. The Saudi Arabian economy is one which is majorly based on its oil production capabilities. In this case it is worth noting that the country produces a significant amount of oil on the global market. For this reason, the revenues that are generated from the oil activities are very influential in the developments that are taking place in the Saudi Arabian economy. The other thing which is worth noting is that the Saudi government is an entity which has significant influence in the happenings of this economy. The revenue which is gotten from petroleum and its associated products accounts for close to 45 per cent of the total budget of the country. On the other hand, close to 40 per cent of the GDP in the country comes from the private sector. It is worth noting that the economy in the country is very encouraging to investments especially from the locals and also foreign investors. This significant developments in the financial well-being of the country has attracted quite a lot of for eign workers in the country. The figure at the moment stands at close to six million foreign workers. These are centered in the oil industries and also the private sector. Initially before the inception of the oil phenomenon, the Saudi economy was largely dependent on nomadic pastoralism. This was until the discovery of oil in the country. After the oil crisis that occurred in the year 1973, the country realized significant growth in its GDP. The GDP per capita in the 1970s went up by close to 2 per cent. As at the year 2009, the World Bank set Saudi Arabia as the strongest economy in Arab world. Saudi Arabia has the second largest oil reserves in the world. The figures that w4ere released by the government put this at close to 260 billion barrels of oil. This

London as a case study of successful urban planning

London as a of successful urban planning - Case Study Example For this reason, road signs have been placed by the local authorities to help distinguish the city’s boundaries. Central London is famous for the many squares and terraces of beautiful period houses within it. The region has numerous blocks of ancient flats. Urban development planning in London has been praised for being successful. The foundations of modern London can be traced back to the era between 1919 and 1939 (Budd and Whimster, 1992). According to Budd and Whimster (1992), â€Å"a combination of planning acts, major regional plans and what are now the bases of London Underground Ltd and British Rail Network Southeast structured the roots of the city as it is known today† (p. 279). The Holden and Holford Plan of 1951, Abercrombie Plan of 1944, Forshaw Plan of 1943 and the 1940 Barlow Report contained major plans for the city of London. The framework for the planning of London was set by the Barlow Report. Generally, London has been structured by a division of its central activities. The west part of the city hosts retail, administrative and political activities, while the east hosts commercial activities. Over the years, activities in most cities have shifted and London has not been left behind in this transformation. The city too has experienced a great shift from manufacturing activities to serv ices. In fact, the shift experienced in London is termed to be greater than those in other big cities in Western Europe. During the late twentieth century, London began amending its strategic planning. There has been upgrading of transport and urban planning through Transport for London and the London Plan respectively (Sorensen and Okata, 2011). The London plan is a crucial citywide plan for London while Transport for London is a â€Å"multi-modal transport agency† (Sorensen and Okata, 2011, p. 195).It can be said that London has applied strategic planning to achieve sustainable urban development. In

The Enlightment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

The Enlightment - Essay Example The current research looks at ideals of nature and human potential, absolutism and forms of government, as they are related to Enlightenment models, which were a challenge to the Old Regime. Later ideal government structures of the Enlightenment were more about the people than the divine monarch. â€Å"Supposed innate qualities, such as goodness or original sin, had no reality. In a darker vein, Thomas Hobbes portrayed man as moved solely by considerations of his own pleasure and pain.† (Enlightenment, 2008). There were light and dark sides to this decrease in absolutism. The Enlightenment represented a shift in the form of nature from being totally based on the idea of absolutism of divinity to a paradigm shift from the Old Regime. What many Enlightenment thinkers did was to refine the whole concept of nature-as-absolute, and change it in a way that represented less absolutism. A paradigm shift occurs when the accepted notions about a given subject or theory (absolutism in this case) become disfavored, in the favor of a new way of doing things or a new notion of the way in which things are done. This creates tension as supporters of the old paradigm are often polemical against the new paradigm during the process of change or paradigm shift. In terms of humanity’s successful attempts to control nature, and both of these things are seen as being positive by the various Enlightenment philosophies. The Enlightenment seems to also reserve a lot of praise for those things which are not found in nature, but rather which represent culture and art. Th is is a reflection of what the Old Regime may have been experiencing in terms of an agenda to install Enlightenment ideals of science, rationality and reason being paramount in terms of their opposition to nature and emotion which may be more spontaneous. The idea of the fall of absolutes shows in Enlightenment ideals in many ways, particularly in the appreciation of reason over emotion and the attention to

Team Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Team Development - Essay Example The study of group behavior and team development has evolved from various disciplines originating among social scientists to organizational management. Contemporary studies of group behavior recognized the need to understand the relationships between group members and different factors affecting their development as a participating and performing team. There are studies which support the concept that groups influence work behavior. According to Heathfield (2010), a team is defined as â€Å"any group of people organized to work together interdependently and cooperatively to meet the needs of their customers by accomplishing a purpose and goals† (par. 1). Groups have to be planned not only in their formation but more so in their development for them to be productive and efficient. Each team undergoes varies stages of development depending on their size and objectives. The extent of cohesiveness that a team develops influences the level of performance of a group. High performing teams are influenced by factors such as mission, roles, leadership, communication, decision-making, systems/procedures, climate, rewards, and competence. It is learning how these teams evolve from a basic structure composed of individuals to a complex, performing team that makes theoretical applications of group development worthwhile. Being considered at the number 1 retail discount store in the US today makes Walmart the employer every employee seeks to be a part of. The Jobs and Employment News (JEN) site presented a career development study at Walmart which avers that â€Å"while many other companies look at training as an occasional issue, Walmart considers training as part of their regular work environment† (JEN, 2010, par. 4). The various training programs lined up for Walmart associates are as follows: new associate orientation, cashier simulated training (CST), summer internship program, manager in training (MIT), fresh food academy of classes, engagement

Analyse and discuss concepts of European identity Essay

Analyse and discuss concepts of European identity - Essay Example Considering as a dependent variable, identity is repeatedly used to study the creation of racial or territorial identities. It is argued that Central Europeans formed a separate identity that was mainly defined in opposition to Russia and likeness to Western Europe. As an independent variable the study of identity uses to explain some facts of greater concern, for instance the nature of political rivalry. After the World War II those who wished of a united Europe were searching ways to uphold a strong sense of European identity. Even though, thoughts on a European identity conceptualized ten years earlier to the World War II the political, social, and economic disorders linked with World War II, basically changed the European order. Hence it became necessary to assume of Europe in different ways. The formation of the European Coal and Steel Community, and the European Economic Community (EEC), were the outcome of those views (Williams, 1987). As the hurdles to trade within the EEC began to drop in 1960s, that resulted in the start of discussion of a sprouting United States of Europe. This was not only just a formal economic entity but it was presumed as a possible hub of identity for its inhabitants. The discussion over the nature and significance of European identity goes deep into many of the critical matters facing Europe today (Deflem and Pampel,1996; Delanty, 1995; Hodgson, 1993). Making the debate difficult are the suppositions that are made about the very nature of identity itself. These assumptions are the creation of political-territorial growth over the past centuries that have cast the state in the role of architect and symbol of international society (Murphy, 1996; Taylor, 1994). Hence, the concepts of nation and state became conflated and national identities to be considered as if they were the major matter of investigation in learning’s of

Team Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Team Development - Essay Example The study of group behavior and team development has evolved from various disciplines originating among social scientists to organizational management. Contemporary studies of group behavior recognized the need to understand the relationships between group members and different factors affecting their development as a participating and performing team. There are studies which support the concept that groups influence work behavior. According to Heathfield (2010), a team is defined as â€Å"any group of people organized to work together interdependently and cooperatively to meet the needs of their customers by accomplishing a purpose and goals† (par. 1). Groups have to be planned not only in their formation but more so in their development for them to be productive and efficient. Each team undergoes varies stages of development depending on their size and objectives. The extent of cohesiveness that a team develops influences the level of performance of a group. High performing teams are influenced by factors such as mission, roles, leadership, communication, decision-making, systems/procedures, climate, rewards, and competence. It is learning how these teams evolve from a basic structure composed of individuals to a complex, performing team that makes theoretical applications of group development worthwhile. Being considered at the number 1 retail discount store in the US today makes Walmart the employer every employee seeks to be a part of. The Jobs and Employment News (JEN) site presented a career development study at Walmart which avers that â€Å"while many other companies look at training as an occasional issue, Walmart considers training as part of their regular work environment† (JEN, 2010, par. 4). The various training programs lined up for Walmart associates are as follows: new associate orientation, cashier simulated training (CST), summer internship program, manager in training (MIT), fresh food academy of classes, engagement

British Culture - Education (in British SCHOOLS only) Essay

British Culture - Education (in British SCHOOLS only) - Essay Example It is one of the education systems in the world that most people can relate to and be in a position to comprehend easily without encountering a lot of problems along the way (Johnson, 2006, 679-696). Though the British Education System may differ in the way it is taught in some countries, the fact is that it all comes down to one system been followed. England, Scotland, wales and Northern Ireland are some of the countries that use different forms of the British education System according to their different traditions and beliefs. The purpose of this essay is to provide a clear explanation and basis on the lessons learnt in the seminar contribution based on the British School Education. Seminar contribution The seminar contribution was an effective and efficient event that provided extensive insight based on the British Education system. There were many scholars and education professors present at the seminar contribution ready to sharpen the brains of the people who attended the semi nar (Jones, 2004). Different scholars provided different researches based on the education system by the British. ... Many British private schools are quite expensive, but provide the best quality education that is available. British private schools are neither admistered by the government, state or local authorities. They are managed by independent parties that are not associated with public funding. Private schools are more expensive than the enrolment into a public school. From the seminar contribution, there were suggestions that the British private school is mostly for those who can afford to take their children to private schools. In most cases, the people who can take their children to British private schools can afford the tuition which is quite expensive (Johnson, 2006, 679-696). However, research reveals that students who pass through the British private school perform better than those in the public schools. This is because they receive individual attention from their instructors, and they are able to have a one-on –one relationship with the school administration. British Public Sc hool The British public school is funded by the government, local administration and the state. In accordance with the seminar distribution, there were revelations that most British public schools are dependent on the taxes that are received by the state (Mwenda, 2007). This determination in most instances hinders the development of British public schools. It was also evident that most of the British public schools are free to the British citizens of all ages. This causes also of congestion in public schools due to the fact that they are free and easily accessible unlike the British private schools. The British public school system has been in existence since time in memorial and has shaped many brilliant historical minds.

Faculty Evaluation System Essay Example for Free

Faculty Evaluation System Essay A faculty evaluation system which is installed in our college is of great use to evaluate the faculty performance and their self development in the process. The value added system installed in place takes input of various feedbacks given not only by the students but also by the other faculties. The various feedbacks and advises are capitalized upon for deciding merit of the faculty. It overall encourages the faculties and ensures better focus towards research and development. The faculty evaluation system takes into account the following: 1. It evaluates the faculties on their performance, their integrity, their adherence to rules and regulations, their publication of journals and contribution towards research papers. 2. The feedbacks are in various forms, more likely in areas syllabus coverage, innovation, analysis, case study approaches, behavior and attitude (Bowers, 2005). 3. The various suggestions and feedbacks would ensure a change in the trait of the person for the betterment of the individual and the society at large. The astonishing fact is the acceptance of the system in the college as it not only fosters development but ensures innovation and making of a leader in every being. The analysis of the feedbacks is evaluated to a large extent by the system and the data evaluation is done quite well. The special feature is the trend analysis for the performance of the faculty and the very graph of performance is taken up. The system is designed in a very well coordinated manner for fetching large scale analysis of the various developments and ensures that right tracking is made possible (Arreola, 2003). References/Bibliography Arreola, A Raoul (2003). Developing a Comprehensive Faculty Evaluation System, Educational Psychology from Arizona State University. Bowers K. John (2005). Issues in Developing a Faculty Evaluation System. Retrieved 16, January 2009 from http://www. springerlink. com/index/X712557731J2WN54. pdf.

Religion Essays Disestablishment of the Church of England

Religion Essays Disestablishment of the Church of England Disestablishment of the Church of England â€Å"Then render to Caesar the things that are Caesar’s; and to God the things that are God’s† â€Å"Yesterday we asked for toleration, today we ask for religious equality; tomorrow we shall demand the disestablishment of the Church of England.† The ambiguous position enjoyed by the Church of England in the United Kingdom is one that deserves a shrewd analysis in terms of its compatibility with the interests of liberal democracy. The current constitutional settlement has faded from the spotlight over the course of the past century despite being a highly contested issue during the late nineteenth century, due, in the most part, to other more pressing issues beginning to surface. The last time the issue was considered as a whole was in 1970 but it was observed that there was a general lack of knowledge on behalf of the British public on Church-State issues and as such the matter was left as it was. However, in a new era of equality the issue must be readdressed and rectified in the interests of democracy in an increasingly multi-faith nation. The issue transcends the awareness of the British public on the issue and should be focused on the disestablishment of the Church of England as a matter of democratic imperative. To best understand what is being compromised it is important to first outline what exactly â€Å"establishment† is, what it has afforded the Church of England and how such a settlement came into existence. The current settlement is due in the most part to Henry VIII and his break from Rome, and a brief overview of the history of the Church of England is important to understand the nature of the subsequent laws establishing the Church by law. Henry VIII broke away from the Roman Catholic Communion due to the failure of the Pope to grant an annulment of his marriage to Katherine of Aragon. The Act of Supremacy 1534 recognised Henry as the Supreme Head of the Church of England, making the nobility swear an oath recognising his supremacy. When Elizabeth I became Queen in 1558 she had Parliament pass the Act of Supremacy in 1559 restoring the position of the Church of England but rewording the oath recognising her as the Supreme Governor of the Church, as the Bible recognises Jesus Christ as the Head of the Church. The idea of â€Å"establishment† is one that remains difficult to define, as there was no single statute that created the settlement that remains today, rather it was a progressive approach that is best defined through the key privileges enjoyed by the Church of England. In Chapter 1 I shall outline what establishment is and seek to produce a working legal definition in order to outline the current constitutional settlement. In this chapter I shall also explore the concept of disestablishment and previous attempts to disestablish the Church of England from the late nineteenth century to as recently as January/February 2008 when the issue once again began to build momentum with a view to highlighting how previous failures fell short of achieving religious equality. The chapter shall end with an examination of the idea of secularism and how it may not only be preferable to advocate state neutrality, but also fundamental in the interests of liberal democracy. In Chapters 2 to 4 I shall look more closely at three different elements of establishment and outline the consequent democratic deficiencies and make recommendations as to how they may best be rectified. The main privileges that characterise the established religion are; the 26 Anglican Bishops occupying ex-officio positions in the House of Lords; the role of the Monarch; and the Governance of the Church of England. Each of these issues will be dealt with in detail in an attempt to illustrate how the Church of England has been woven into the fabric of political and legal life in the United Kingdom and the subsequent problems that stem from this relationship, with particular emphasis on issues of democratic concern. To briefly identify the key problems that each of these privileges create they shall be introduced at this point in order to set the scene for the rest of this introduction. In Chapter 2 I will address the controversial issue of the House of Lords, however, discussion is restricted solely to the twenty-six Anglican Bishops. The Archbishops of Canterbury and York; the Bishops of London, York and Winchester along with the next twenty-one bishops in order of seniority sit in the House of Lords by virtue of their position within the Church. There are issues of democracy and representation within the upper chamber; however, this is not within the remit of this paper. Attempts have been made recently to address the issues in the House of Lords with the recommendation that the number of Bishops be merely reduced to sixteen. The report also recommended that other faiths should be introduced to the Lords, an idea that will only serve to further discriminate and alienate those not in the privileged few. This privilege highlights an inequality in that one religious group has been afforded the opportunity to sit in Parliament, a privilege that should be viewed with the knowledge that the Church of England can lobby for its own interests in the corridors of power while other religious groups must lobby in the traditional way. Chapter 3 is concerned with the Monarch and the dual role of Head of State and Supreme Governor of the Church of England, as well as the anti-Catholic sentiment in the laws on the Protestant succession. The Monarch is the Supreme Governor of the Church of England and as such must take an oath to defend the protestant faith. The Monarch is a figure of British unity and to represent a single religion is to alienate people from other faiths and the non-religious. The Act of Settlement 1700 requires a Protestant succession and as such it is forbidden to marry a Roman Catholic. This discrimination not only promotes exclusion to the people of Britain, many of whom belong to the Roman Catholic community, but also calls into question its compatibility with the Human Rights Act. In Chapter 4 I shall look at the governance of the Church of England and how it is restricted in its own management. This Chapter will highlight the pitfalls for the Church of England itself as being by law established The Prime Minister is responsible for appointing Bishops and other senior clergy of the Church of England, a role that has been altered recently by new Prime Minister Gordon Brown who shall now merely act as a postman and pass the recommendations to the Queen. This is a time consuming process and a waste of government resources on a privilege that is enjoyed by no other religion. However, whether any other religion would campaign for this is questionable as it restricts the Church’s control over itself. This issue of governmental control is also evident in the making of Church laws. Church laws are made by Measures that must be passed by a single vote in each House of Parliament. They cannot be amended; they must simply be passed or rejected. This also concerns Human Rights and the right of the church to self-govern without government interference. All these issues will be addressed in relation to their compatibility with the interests of liberal democracy in the United Kingdom as a whole. As a model of democracy I shall take Robert Dahl and his work on political equality. Dahl is one of the most noted commentators on political power and he provides an outline of representative democracies in Europe and a model of an ideal democracy. His observations characterised representative democracy in Europe as consisting of; government decisions and policies being accountable to locally elected politicians; free elections; freedom to stand for election; free expression; freedom of information; freedom of assembly. This analysis defines European democracy as being representative, accountable and free, in terms of human rights. His ideal model of democracy outlines what he believes a true democracy should strive to achieve, that is; effective participation; equality in voting; gaining enlightened understanding; final control of the agenda ; inclusion; and fundamental rights. Dahl believes that political equality is desirable for governing a state and the only political system that derives its legitimacy and political institutions from the idea of political equality is a democracy. In order to examine what political institutions would be necessary in a democratic state he constructed an ideal concept of democracy as a basis for comparison with the actual models of democracy already in existence. To this end I shall condense the basis principles of democracy as observed by Dahl and using them to construct my own ideal model of democracy so that it may be compared with the current constitutional settlement in the United Kingdom in relation to the Church of England. The basic principles that I have extracted from Dahl’s ideal model are; free elections; representation; participation; accountability; equality; enlightenment; inclusion; and fundamental rights. From this I have devised my own model which will be used to highlight the democratic deficits of the privileged position of the Church of England. My analysis will be based on the principles of; representation, accountability, participation; equality; inclusion; plurality; and human rights under the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. CHAPTER 1: ESTABLISHMENT AND STATE NEUTRALITY 1.1 Establishment The concept of â€Å"establishment† is one of great complexity which bears no single accurate definition, making it difficult to assess what exactly any disestablishment of the Church of England would entail. In order to effectively assess the current constitutional settlement it would be appropriate to explore the idea of establishment and what defines establishment in the first instance. The Chadwick Commission provided a definition of establishment as â€Å"the laws which apply to the Church of England and not to the other churches.† Legal writer Peter W. Edge has commented that the Chadwick definition is only concerned with the Church of England, whereas the idea of establishment may be an abstract term which has simply been applied to the Church of England. By examining the Chadwick definition Edge has developed a fuller legal definition of establishment: â€Å"A religious organisation is established where there are laws which apply to that particular religious organisation, qua that religious organisation, which do not apply to the majority of other religious organisations.† In his definition of establishment Edge highlights that establishment, as a legal construct, is not primarily a question for the Church of England, rather, like other legal constructs it is open for debate by all members of the state, not just those which it affects directly. This opens the discussion up as an issue of national importance and thus warrants this discussion on the compatibility of â€Å"establishment of religion† with the interests of liberal democracy in the United Kingdom. To claim that a particular religion is not the religion of the majority of the population is not a sound basis for a legal discussion, however, to examine the ramifications, values and limits of a legal doctrine is a legitimate endeavour. Edge claims that there are four main areas of the law that characterise establishment; the constitutional laws; the civil laws; the criminal laws; and fiscal and property laws. While this is indeed true it is only the first element, the constitutional laws, that shall be the focus of this paper due to the focus on constitutional reform and good governance. Law is not monolithic as it varies in form, principle and structure so to delve into the individual civil, criminal, fiscal and property laws would not be feasible under the remit of this paper. The â€Å"laws of establishment† are not a separate category of law which has been created under one statute, rather, it was a progressive approach that may be defined through the key privileges enjoyed by the Church of England. Phillimore J commented on the current settlement: â€Å"A Church which is established is not thereby made a department of the state. The process of establishment means that the state has accepted the Church as the religious body in its opinion truly teaching the Christian faith, and given to it a certain legal position, and to it’s decrees, if rendered under certain legal conditions, certain civil sanctions†¦the Church of England is a continuous body from its earliest establishment in Saxon times.† However, the argument that the Church of England best represents the Christian faith no longer holds any water. The National Census of 2001 indicates the following data on religious affiliation for Great Britain: 71.8 per cent Christian, 2.8 per cent Muslim, 1 per cent Hindu, 0.6  per cent Sikh, 0.5 per cent Jewish and 0.3 per cent Buddhist, whereas 15.1 per cent of the population had no religion and 7.8 per cent of people chose not to state their religion. Although almost 72 per cent of British people profess to be Christian, the Church of England represents only one of many Christian denominations in Britain. It has also been contested that these statistics are inaccurate as association with Christian denominations is based on individuals being brought up in nominally Christian households. Furthermore, it has been suggested that a decline in Church attendance represents a need to disestablish an institution that is gradually losing support and which may in turn undermine the legi timacy of a government that affords state privilege to such an institution. The idea of disestablishment is not a new concept, indeed it was very popular at the end of the nineteenth century before other issues dominated the political agenda. However, recently there has been an emergence in the call for disestablishment and the issue is once again creeping up the agenda. 1.2 Attempts to Disestablish in the late 19th Century By tracing a brief outline of failed attempts at disestablishment it is hoped that attention will be drawn to the significance and magnitude of disestablishing the Church of England and how the reasons for failure over a hundred years ago have no basis for opposition to any such attempt in the 21st Century. Furthermore, there is an overriding democratic imperative which should not be ignored in the light of religious equality and human rights. The late nineteenth century represented a period of intense interest in the disestablishment of the Anglican Church in England on the basis that such disestablishment is essential in achieving religious equality. This concept was most prominent with the Nonconformists who were the frontrunners of disestablishment in the latter part of the nineteenth century. Although disestablishment was widespread among Nonconformists there was discontent surfacing amongst the Anglican community who acknowledged that there were shortcomings in being controlled by a multi-faith House of Commons. One reason for the failure of disestablishment in England was the historic lack of unity among Nonconformists over this issue throughout much of the nineteenth century. The Liberation Society was never successful in convincing people outside the Anglican Church that a separation of church and state was fundamental in the aspiration of religious equality. A second reason for failure to disestablish the Anglican Church in England was the attitude of W. E. Gladstone, the Liberal leader during most of the late nineteenth century. Although Gladstone was an advocate of religious equality, as his administration’s parliamentary record showed, he was defiant in his support of the Established Church of England. Despite renegade members of the society working outside the party their failure only highlighted the importance of the support of a major political party in any attempt to legislate on disestablishment. Although Gladstone was the driving force in disestablishing the Church in Ireland he remained persistent in his views towards the Church of England. In an attempt to weaken the call for disestablishment he addressed specific grievances against the Church of England, which in turn picked apart any argument constructed in favour of disestablishment. Without changing his views on the Church of England, Gladstone displayed a greater tolerance for eventual disestablishment in Scotland and Wales. In 1885 he admitted that the Established Churches in both Scotland and in Wales serviced a small minority of the people and there would be no issue in allowing each nation to decide upon its own fate. But he argued that the situation in Wales was more difficult than in Scotland because the Church in Wales was organically one with the Church of England. Possibly the most significant factor in the failure to disestablish the Church of England was because as a political issue it became overshadowed by more pressing emergent issues. Irish Home Rule destroyed any chance of disestablishment being a hot political topic in the 1885 general election, which was worsened by disagreement over the issue of Home Rule between the Nonconformists and the Liberal Party. 1.3 Recent Attempts to Disestablish In the late 1980s and early 1990s MP Tony Benn proposed two Bills to disestablish the Church of England, the first in 1988 which only had one operative section: â€Å"The Church of England shall cease to be established by law, and no person shall, after the passing of this Act, be appointed or nominated by Her Majesty or any other person, by virtue of any existing right of patronage, to an ecclesiastical office in the Church of England.† He also addressed the disestablishment of the Church of England in his Commonwealth of Britain Bill in 1991 where it was proposed that the Church of England be â€Å"disestablished† and powers over doctrine and faith be transferred to the General Synod. Both Bills were unsuccessful and they highlighted what a huge operation it would be to â€Å"disestablish† the Church of England. However, complexity and length are not legitimate grounds for the government to avoid the issue, especially when democracy, the foundation of British society, is being compromised. Current Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr Rowan Williams, has added fuel to the increasing demand for a complete disestablishment of the Church of England. Speaking on BBC Radio 4’s â€Å"World at One† he commented that adopting parts of Islamic Sharia law would help maintain social cohesion. These comments prompted an unforeseeable backlash and public uproar, in turn leaving many questioning the place of religious leaders in public life, and more specifically, the position of the Church of England as the established church. Co-director of think-tank â€Å"Ekklesia†, Jonathan Bartley, commented that: Letting go of privilege is a far better witness to the Christian message than either clinging on to it, seeking to preserve it on a wider basis, or speaking for others rather than engaging them as equals. A motion calling for the disestablishment of the Church of England has been listed in the House of Commons as 666. Labour MP John Austin, who has repeatedly tabled Early Day Motions urging disestablishment, put down his latest motion on January 9th 2008 as MPs debated scrapping Britains blasphemy laws, the law of blasphemy itself representing Christian privilege protected by the law. 1.4 Secularism Secularism is the principle of state neutrality in religious life whereby the state and its institutions grant no religious privileges to any religious group or organisation. By the very definition of secularism it is clear that the United Kingdom cannot call itself a secular state until it has cut official ties with the Church of England, to which it grants numerous religious privileges over all other religions and none. The concept of secularism does not compromise religious belief, nor does it seek to undermine a persons individual religious convictions, rather, it suggests the parameters which are acceptable in terms of religious plurality whereby an individual can manifest his or her religion. Secularism is a goal which any state that calls itself a democracy should strive to achieve and I shall outline the merits of such an objective as well as highlighting how religion in public life may undermine the interests of democracy. Due to increasing religious pluralism in the developed west organised religion and the interests of democracy have become increasingly â€Å"uneasy bedfellows†. The existing Christian denominations must now be added to an increasing number of new cults and, more significantly, substantial Muslim and other non-European religious communities who find the existing settlement between religion and the state problematic. This growing religious plurality is evident in the United Kingdom yet the Church of England remains by law established despite its capacity to marginalize other faith groups and those of no faith. The settlement is highly discriminatory and has created an unnecessary conflict. If religion were to have no role in public life then every group would be on a level playing field with equal opportunity to influence public decisions by way of interest groups. As to those who do not belong to any religious organisation the establishment of a state religion has placed primac y on religion and thus discriminates against those who do not hold any beliefs. One case put forward for secularity, that is the secularisation of public life, is the â€Å"Jefferson Compromise† which was defended by Richard Rorty. Rorty argues that modern democrats should privatise religion without trivialising it and that the religious experience is appropriate for what we do with our aloneness in an open and civil society where one is entitled to freedom of religious worship. He submits that a democratic polity thus has no choice but to ensure that religious believers are guaranteed their freedom to worship their God in private in return for the right of non-believers to live without religious deception within the public domains of civil society and the state. Such an argument seems logical yet the United Kingdom has failed to guarantee such rights to all its citizens. The submissions by Rorty have many merits, most prominent of these being the principle of equality whereby he outlines a pact in which each individuals own beliefs are protected through the absence of religion in public life. Secularists believe that democracy requires the separation of church and state and that citizens be emancipated from state and ecclesiastical diktat in order that they may worship according to their conscience and ethical judgements. In the bible Jesus is quoted as saying â€Å"Render to Caesar the things that are Caesar’s; and to God the things that are God’s†. This phrase is ambiguous but essentially refers to a separation of the spiritual and the earthly realms, or, the separation of the church and the state. This presupposes an open and tolerant civil society which operates within a pluralist structure in order to avoid bitterness so that each person can enjoy religious freedom without being confined to the dogmatic beliefs and codes of conduct of others. In a case before the European Courts the issue of secularism was addressed in relation to the wearing of a headscarf and a conflict with constitutional law. In Sahin v Turkey (2005) it was held that the Constitutional Court’s reliance on the principle of secularism was paramount in the ban on wearing religious attire and that â€Å"where the values of pluralism, respect for the rights of others and, in particular, equality before the law were taught and applied, it was understandable that the authorities should wish to preserve the secular nature of the constitution and so consider it contrary to such values to allow religious attire to be worn†. In this case it is apparent that the European Courts perceived secularism as a fundamental principle of democracy in Turkey and as such religious belief and the freedom to manifest such beliefs were secondary to the principles of democracy. I submit that in constructing any model of democracy one of the fundamental components s hould be state neutrality in public life. Secularism is a key concept in any democratic state and presents the only logical and fair means of protecting every persons right to individual belief and right to non belief. CHAPTER 2: ANGLICAN BISHOPS IN THE HOUSE OF LORDS 2.1 Background The presence of the twenty-six most senior bishops of the Church of England in the House of Lords is a precarious situation and arguably the most visible manifestation of establishment. The current constitutional settlement is a hangover of Medieval times, which predates the Reformation and reflects the historical position of Anglican bishops as prominent land owners and advisers to the Crown. Until the mid-nineteenth century the Anglican episcopate constituted a significant faction of the second chamber, however, the Diocese of Manchester Act 1847 and the subsequent Acts disestablishing the Churches of Ireland and Wales provided for the current arrangement of twenty-six bishops. Automatic membership to the chamber is associated only with the five historically pre-eminent secs of Canterbury, York, London, Durham and Winchester, while the twenty-one other seats are filled on the basis of seniority. The twenty-six seats held by the Anglican bishops are the only formal provision made fo r the representation of religion in the second chamber in its present form, and while other members of the House of Lords have strong links with various faith groups, and might be seen as providing de facto representation of the viewpoints and beliefs of such groups, it is only the Church of England that has seats reserved for its representatives. It is anomalous that bishops should sit in the legislature ex officio as this results in a duplicate representation of religious views. This discriminates not only against other religions, whether they are Christian or non-Christian groups, but also against the non-religious, who, as I shall discuss in more detail later, have no formal representation based solely on being non-religious. I am not advocating that such provisions should be made, for either other religious groups or non-religious groups, rather, in the interests of plurality and equality the most logistic and ascertainable goal would be to eliminate any form of representation based solely on religion, and to that end, and within the remit of this discussion, the twenty-six seats held by the Anglican bishops should be revoked. 2.2 Proposed Reform of the House of Lords The broader issue of reforming the House of Lords has been a hot topic throughout the last decade, and while reformation of the upper chamber is not the focus of this paper, the subsequent reports and papers published recently address the issue of the Anglican bishops in the upper chamber. The Fifth Report of the Public Administration Select Committee has been the most radical in it’s approach to the senior bishops vis their position in the House of Lords: â€Å"If we are serious about equipping Britain with a modern Parliament and constitution, it is time to modernise this aspect of our constitution too, and to bring to an end formal representation of the church in Parliament†¦we recommend that the Bishops of the Church of England should no longer sit ex officio from the time of the next general election but one.† This report has recognised both the dated nature of our constitutional settlement and the need to get rid of the bishops in order to fully modernise Parliament. However, both the Wakeham Report and the government’s two white papers on the issue defend the position of the Church of England in Parliament. While they recommend that the bishops should remain the Wakeham Report and the 2001 White Paper agree that the number of seats so reserved should be reduced from twenty-six to sixteen, while the 2007 White Paper claims that assuming that the overall size of the House was to be reduced twenty-six Anglican bishops could not be justified. Recommendation 1 The twenty-six Anglican Bishops in the House of Lords should cease to sit in this House on an ex officio basis While the Wakeham Report and the White Papers agree that the number of bishops should be reduced to sixteen they diverge on their approach to accommodating representatives of other religions. The Wakeham Report recommends that 26 seats should be reserved for the religious representatives of the nations of the United Kingdom, and based on the population of each of the nations in the United Kingdom twenty-one seats should go to Christian denominations in England, and five to members representing the Christian denominations of Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales. It recommends that of the twenty-one places reserved for Christian denominations in England, sixteen should be reserved for the Church of England. The Wakeham Report recommends that the Appointments Commission should be responsible for selecting the ten members from other Christian faith, five from England and five from Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales collectively, and should also ensure that five seats are reserved for m embers of non-Christian denominations. The Report is careful to mention the significance of secular views as well as religious views, and recommends that both be accommodated in the new format of the house, however, the Report fails to make any provisions to reserve such seats for secular representatives as they have done for the religious. The main difficulty in accepting the presence of the Anglican bishops in the upper chamber is that membership rates of the Church of England are skewered by its membership methods. Establishment has afforded the Church of England an ideology of membership which differs from any other denomination in the UK as it operates on an involuntary basis, accepting all members who do not take positive steps to set themselves outside of its community at any point in time. Recommendation 2 The method of membership to the Church of England should be on a voluntary basis like every other denomination in the UK so to allow every person born in England the free will to either select their own religion or none at all. Perhaps it is the case that from the outset the Wakeham Commission was restricted in its scope as the White Paper establishing the Royal Commission explicitly stated that the twenty-six Anglican bishops were to remain in the House. It states: â€Å"The Government does not propose any change in the transitional House of Lords in the representation of the Church of England within the House. The Bishops often make a valuable contribution to the House because of their particular perspective and experience. To ensure that contribution remains available, the Government proposes to retain the present size of the Bishops bench which we accept is justified†¦Ã¢â‚¬  It has been claimed that this diktat must have tested the Commission’s ingenuity to the limits as to how to justify the unjustifiable. The White Paper 2001 lacks a lot of the detail that the Wakeham Report has provided in its approach to accommodating other representatives of religion. It claims that the proposals set out by the Wakeham Report are unattainable as many other denominations and faith groups lack the hierarchical structure that would deliver readily identifiable representatives and that there are more faith groups than there are proposed seats. The White Paper simply recommends that the Appointments Commission should ensure that it appoints representatives of the other faith communities in the United Kingdom. While the

The Inflammatory N Word :: Media Racism Essays

The Inflammatory N Word   Ã‚  Ã‚   The evening of February 25, 2002 started innocuously enough. My daughter Elena is an avid fan of the television show, Boston Public (Fox), and she was looking forward to watching the newest episode. Because Boston Public can contain controversial subjects, I monitor the show while my kids are watching it. The issues addressed in a kid-friendly show turn into a good starting point for discussions with my two teenage children. The new episode not only turned out to be the epitome of controversy; it was the beginning of new type of dialogue with my children.   Ã‚  Ã‚   I had not intended to watch the television show "Boston Public" (Fox), but when I saw the topic of the show, I set aside my homework and soon became engrossed. The February 25th episode centered on the inflammatory N word (Randall Kennedy) when two boys, one white and the other black, affectionately call each other n----r. Another boy, also black, objects to white person calling a black person this word and a fight ensues. When the teacher discovers the reason for the altercation, he assigns the class to read n----r – The Strange Career of a Troublesome Word, by Randall Kennedy. The class discussion that follows causes controversy with the administration of the school because the teacher leading the discussion is not an African-American. The show ends with the principal, who is black, teaching the class instead. After the show concluded, my daughter and I had a fiery discussion about the issues raised in the show. Elena felt it was entirely appropriate that only a n African-American can teach a class on the N word. I was unhappy with the ending and felt that it would have more impact if the principal and the teacher conducted the class together. One thing both of us agreed on – we had many questions and wanted more information than what a television show could give us so we decided to purchase Mr. Kennedy’s book and learn more on the issue.   Ã‚  Ã‚   What are the origins of racial slurs and why are they used? While it was impossible to find the exact origins of racial slurs, it seems that through out history, there is always a history of an oppressed race or religion. Part of this oppression has been the use of words to help the "powerful" remain in control. Alarmingly, some of these racial slurs have even slipped into every day language.

Sad Exam Paper

COLLEGE of SCIENCE and ENGINEERING Department of Computer Science and Information Systems End-of-Semester Assessment Paper Academic Year: Module Title: Duration of Exam: Lecturer(s): 2008/2009 Systems Analysis 2. 5 Hours J. J. Collins Semester: Module Code: Percent of Total Marks: Paper marked out of : Spring CS4125 60 100 Instructions to Candidates: †¢ Answer Q1, and any TWO other questions. Q1 Answer ALL parts. Total marks awarded for this question: 40. a) b) Distinguish analysis from design. 4 marks. What are the benefits and liabilities derived by subscribing to a development philosophy based on up-front design? marks. c) d) List the activities that take place in system design. 4 marks. What are the characteristics of the Extreme Programming (XP) approach to software development? 4 marks. What are the benefits of an open and closed architecture? 4 marks. f) What problem is addressed by Gamma et al. ’s Behavioural state pattern? Illustrate this pattern through the use of a class diagram. 4 marks. g) h) Illustrate initialisation in the MVC architecture using a sequence diagram. 4 marks. List the support features typically offered by a DBMS? 4 marks. e) Page 1 of 5 i)Draw a class diagram that illustrates that a copy can be a copy of a book or DVD, but not both. 4 marks. Briefly critique The UML. 4 marks. j) Q2 Answer ALL parts. Total marks awarded for this question: 30. a) b) What are the characteristics of good software? 5 marks. Describe the unique features of the Object-Oriented paradigm, and illustrate polymorphism with pseudocode or coding fragments. 5 marks. Distinguish multiple classification from generalisation, and illustrate with a diagram. 5 marks. How are contracts supported in software engineering, and illustrate with a diagram.You should briefly discuss support for enforcement of contracts. 5 marks. Draw a diagram to illustrate the principle of â€Å"programming to interfaces, not implementation†. What benefits are derived by a dhering to this principle? 5 marks. f) What is meant by behavioural subtyping? Illustrate the answer with a class diagram. 5 marks. c) d) e) Q3 Answer ALL parts. Total marks awarded for this question: 30. a) What are non-functional requirements, and provide a categorisation for these requirements. 5 marks. Critique use cases as the means of capturing requirements. 5 marks. ) What technique is used by Data Driven Design (DDD) to identify key domain abstractions? Name an alternative approach to DDD. 5 marks. d) The following is a restatement of requirements that must be supported in the first iteration. Books and Journals: The library contains books and journals. It may have several copies of a given book. Some of the books are for short term loans only. All other books may be borrowed by any library member for three weeks. Members of the library can normally borrow up to six items at a time, but members of staff may borrow up to 12 items at one time.Only members of staff may borrow j ournals. b) Page 2 of 5 Borrowing: the system must keep track of when books and journals are borrowed and returned, enforcing the rules described above. Identify the candidate classes in the following informal use case description, and give the reasons for the elimination of poor candidates using a clearly specified set of heuristics. Then briefly sketch a class diagram. 5 marks. e) Draw a UML diagram that reflects the following code fragment. Class Order †¦ Public OrderLine getLineItem(Product aProduct); Public void addLineItem(Number amount, Product forProduct); †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 marks. ) What is the purpose of adding a control class to the communication fragment used to support a collaboration which realises a use case? 5 marks. Figure 1. State chart for a Campaign object (adapted from Agate case study in Bennett, McRobb, and Farmer. Object-Oriented Systems Analysis and Design, Third Edition. McGraw-Hill. 2006). Page 3 of 5 Q4 Answer ALL parts. Tot al marks awarded for this question: 30. a) Describe the algorithmic and non-algorithmic techniques used to document a specification for an operation. 6 marks. Modify the state chart in figure 1 when instructed that: 1.A campaign object can be both Monitoring and Running when in the state active. 2. When Monitoring, it can be in substates survey or evaluation, with survey being the default. 3. When the event surveyComplete() fires, a transition from survey to evaluation takes place. 4. When the event runSurvey() fires, a transition from evaluation to survey takes place. 5. When running, it can be in substates advert preparation, scheduling or running adverts, with advert preparation being the default. 6. A transition from advert preparation to scheduling occurs with invocation of he reflexive operation authorise() when the event advertApproved() fires. 7. A transition from scheduling to running adverts occurs when the event confirmSchedule() fires. 8. A transition from running advert s to advert preparation occurs with invocation of the reflexive operation modifyBudget() when the event extendCampaign() fires. 9. A transition from Active to Suspended occurs with invocation of the reflexive operation stopAdverts() when the event suspendCampaign() fires. 10. A transition from Suspended to Active occurs when the event resumeCampaign() fires. 1. Must support shallow histories for the concurrent submachines Running and Monitoring. 6 marks. Draw an activity diagram that captures the following workflow for a conference organiser: †¢ The conference organiser receives an itinerary. †¢ He/She then sends this to an invited speaker. †¢ The invited speaker either confirms the itinerary or fails to respond within 48 hours. †¢ If no response has been received, the conference organiser cancels the itinerary. †¢ Otherwise, the conference organiser books the itinerary. 6 marks.Describe two types of coupling and three types of cohesion as described by Coad and Yourdon (1991), that apply at the class level. 6 marks. e) What problem is addressed by Gamma et al. ’s Composite structural pattern? Illustrate this pattern through the use of a class diagram. 6 marks. b) c) d) Page 4 of 5 Q5 Answer ALL parts. Total marks awarded for this question: 30. a) Draw a sequence diagram to illustrate the workflows and phases in the Rational Unified Process (RUP). 3 marks. List three principles that underpin the RUP. 3 marks. ) Briefly discuss transparency versus safety with respect to the Composite design pattern. 6 marks. d) Describe Smalltalk’s Model View Control (MVC) architecture, and illustrate your answer through the use of a class diagram. 4 marks. e) Draw a sequence diagram to illustrate initialisation of the MVC architectural pattern. 4 marks. f) Describe the Broker architecture with proxies, and illustrate your answer through the use of a sequence diagram. 4 marks. g) Why should software engineers strive to specify pre and post conditions with Object Constraint Language (OCL). 6 marks. b) Page 5 of 5