The History Of The Airline Alliances Tourism Essays

The History Of The Airline Alliances Tourism Essays The History Of The Airline Alliances Tourism Essay The History Of The Airline Alliances Tourism Essay During the last decennaries, several so called confederations have been formed in the air hose industry. Harmonizing to Stanford-Smith, Chiozza Edin, a strategic confederation can be explained as any signifier of long-run cooperation between two or more administrations, where the parent administrations remain separate legal entities, which is intended to basically alter the merchandise or service, or its production/delivery method, in a given concern unit ( p. 958 ) . At this minute, there are three chief air hose confederations around the Earth. First of wholly, Star Alliance, which was created in 1997 and presently dwelling of 27 member air hoses ( Star Alliance, 2012 ) . Second, OneWorld, established in 1999 and soon holding 12 members. Finally, the youngest air hose confederation is SkyTeam, formed in 2000 and consists now of 18 member air hoses ( SkyTeam, 2012 ) . This paper describes the assorted impacts of air hose confederations. In the first chapter, the impacts of air hose confederations on their members will be discussed. Second, the effects of allied air hoses on non-member air hoses will be argued. And eventually, the influences of air hose confederations on the airdromes they fly at will be explained. In each chapter, both positive and negative influences will be discussed. 1. Impacts on member air hoses Positive impacts on member air hoses Airline confederations have several positive impacts on their member air hoses. In this paragraph, three illustrations of positive impacts will be explained. First of wholly, it is argued that confederations have a positive consequence on salvaging an air hose s costs. For case, when purchasing aircraft stuffs for care intents, member air hoses can cut down the sum costs by buying these resources together and may have majority price reductions. The same technique can besides be used for majority buying aircraft. For illustration, in 2003, four members of Star Alliance intended to bulk purchase up to 200 standardized regional aircraft ( Doganis, 2006, p. 93 ) . In fact, harmonizing to Doganis ( 2006 ) , it is estimated that joint buying can cut the monetary values paid by up to seven per cent and finally cut downing the entire bill by up to a billion dollars every twelvemonth ( p. 93 ) . Furthermore, the joint usage of other services, for case land handling or catering installations, can besides assist in cut downing air hose costs ( Bissessur A ; Alamdari, 1998, p. 335 ) . Second, it is said that air hoses can gain from increased rider traffic when being in an confederation. This addition is by and large caused by the extension of the air hose s web by utilizing a code-share understanding ( Bissessur A ; Alamdari, 1998 ) . Code sharing is good for both the selling air hose and the operating air hose. On the one manus, it is advantageous for the merchandising air hose as it is selling a ticket of the operating air hose under its ain designator codification. This means that the merchandising air hose additions entree to new markets without holding to run their ain aircraft at that place. On the other manus, the operating air hose is likely to transport more riders on board as the tickets are sold through more distribution channels than instead its ain. Table 1 Wagess and associated costs of labor as a per centum of entire operating cost ( 2002 ) Beginning: Doganis, 2006, p. 119 Finally, it is argued that an air hose confederation has a good consequence on a member air hose s labor costs. Nowadays, labor costs represent rather a considerable portion of an air hose s operating cost. As can be seen in Table 1, rewards and associated costs of labors largely account for 20 to 35 per cent of the air hose s entire operating cost Doganis ( 2006, p. 119 ) . Harmonizing to Doganis ( 2001 ) , labour costs differ greatly between air hoses in the same markets globally, unlike other costs as such as land handling, fuel and airdrome fees. Iatrou ( 2004 ) gives two examples how an air hose confederation could assist in cut downing labor costs. First, the figure of gross revenues and land forces could be reduced by sharing offices at bases of another member air hose, alternatively of keeping its ain offices across the Earth. Second, it is argued that confederations could ease member air hoses to profit from the low-wage construction of its spouses in other states, without salvaging on employee quality. This could for illustration apply to the enlisting of cabin and cockpit crew ( p. 99 ) . Negative impacts on member air hoses Although confederations have several advantages for their member air hoses, there are besides some downsides for the confederation participants. This paragraph discusses three chief negative effects on spouse air hoses. First, it is argued that take parting in an confederation could impact an air hose s trade name image ( Kleymann A ; Seristo , 2004 ) . This job may be triggered by the assortment of images within the confederation. The writers suggest that it could be possible that an image of an confederation is created that is unlike the image of any of the attached air hoses. However, a grant between the images of the most dominant member air hoses is considered to be more likely. For smaller air hoses, it could be considered difficult to accommodate to the created image of the confederation ( p. 120 ) . Second, conflicting understandings could besides be considered as a negative consequence. Iatrou ( 2004 ) explains that it is likely that all confederation members use the same provider. Before an air hose joins an confederation, it normally has a long-standing relationship with different providers, such as catering, Central Reservation Systems ( CRS ) and so on. As a effect, the air hose may happen it hard to revoke these contracts because of possible punishments that may follow. What is more, when an air hose agrees on a new provider, it will really probably have to put clip and money in acquiring familiarised with the new providers and their systems ( p. 114 ) . Finally, it can be argued that increased costs for an air hose could besides be a possible negative impact. Following to the regular subscription fee that a member air hose is ought to pay, Iatrou ( 2004 ) references another type of cost for the air hose, which are the alleged sunk-costs . These touchable disbursals cover all accommodations that have to be made in order to run into the confederation s demands, for case the aircraft inside. These investings by the member are required to guarantee effectual confederation operations and to hold consistent committedness of the member air hoses to the confederation. It goes without stating that, particularly for comparatively little air hoses, these costs can be seen as a considerable investing. One can reason that, as a consequence, this investing might do them more dependent on the confederation ( p. 115-116 ) . 2. Impacts on non-member air hoses 2.1. Positive impacts on non-member air hoses It can be considered that confederations have positive impacts on non-member air hoses. That is to state, how air hoses can profit from non take parting in an confederation. It can be argued that some air hoses, presently non take parting in an confederations, do non desire to fall in an confederation, because of their alone concern theoretical account. Iatrou ( 2004 ) illustrates the grounds for this dissociation on the footing of interviews with two air hoses, that have non joined a planetary confederation so far and make non mean to fall in such an confederation. First of wholly, it is argued that air hoses that are non likely to fall in an confederation, are of the sentiment that they have alone trade name , offering alone merchandises . One can therefore state that these air hoses have created such a trade name consciousness that it is non for the interest of their image that they want to fall in an confederation. Second, it is said that it would non be even more good for an air hose to fall in an confederation in footings of web enlargement. For illustration, Virgin Atlantic has specified in the interview that they are non dependent on any feeders, as of their ain web traffic as less than 10 per cent is linking traffic. Third, as discussed in the old chapter, confederation entry fees and other costs form a barrier against fall ining an confederation. Some illustrations of these costs are the constitution of the new IT substructure and distribution channels, and so on. Finally, the writer argues that bureaucratic burden is another indis pensable ground why an air hose does non desire to fall in an confederation. It can be said that there are some rather important charges of the direction of take parting in confederation meetings, which consummate at batch of clip on a annual footing ( p. 160 ) . 2.2. Negative impacts on non-member air hoses It can be said that air hose confederations besides have negative influences on air hoses outside their partnership. In this paragraph, two chief negative impacts on this group of air hoses will be discussed. First, Bjork ( 2002 ) explains the effects of competition between allied air hoses and non-member air hoses. The writer argues that air hoses that dominate a hub are likely to have a greater figure of slot allowances at their chief hubs, which will likely take to some anti-competitive concerns. The writer continues by giving the illustration of a step initiated by the US Department of Transport ( DOT ) to cut down this anti-competitive state of affairs. First of wholly, the US DOT has recognised that where service in the market is constrained by slot handiness, a hub bearer with entree to a big pool of slots has even greater handiness to react in entry in an anti-competitive manner because the entrant will be unable to add capacity on its ain ( p. 28 ) . As a effect, in order to excite competition in some markets, the US DOT has granted a restricted figure of slot freedoms to new air hoses that wish to vie in that peculiar market. Unfortunately, the attack of the US DOT did non ho ld the consequence that was ab initio wished, and therefore did non increase the competition in these markets. The ground given for this was that, normally, new participants do non happen it economically justified to come in into a market which is dominated by a single-hub air hose in order to take part ( Young, 1999 ) . Bjork ( 2002 ) argues that this logical thinking can be relied on the market portions of hub air hoses. It can be seen in figure 1 that KLM Royal Dutch Airlines ( KL ) is by far the largest operator at Schiphol Airport with a market portion of about 50 per cent. A hub bearer as KLM has created over the old ages a changeless addition portion of available slots at their hub airdromes, which are called fortress hubs ( p. 29 ) . Figure 1 Airline market portion at Amsterdam Schiphol ( 2011 ) based on air conveyance motions Abbreviations AF Air France AZ Alitalia BA British Airways DL Delta Airlines HV Transavia.com KL KLM LH Lufthansa OR ArkeFly SK SAS Scandinavian U2 easyJet Beginning: compiled by the writer ; informations beginning: Schiphol, 2011, p. 25 However, congested hubs are non the lone cause for concern with anti-competition. The decrease in competition can besides be reduced when rivals join together in a amalgamation or confederation, particularly when they were once active on the same path ( Bjork, 2002 ) . Furthermore, the writer describes that particularly heavy long-haul hub-to-hub paths are threatened, as some of these hubs are inviolable fortresses . Doganis ( 2006 ) mentions the illustration of the amalgamation of Northwest Airlines and Republic Airlines which was consummated in 1986. Both Northwest which focussed largely on medium/long-haul and Republic which focussed more on short-haul operations used the airdrome of Minneapolis St. Paul ( MSP ) as their chief hub and competed on many paths. The US Department for Transport, responsible for air hose amalgamations at that clip, approved the amalgamation for two grounds. First, because the webs of both air hoses were likely to complement each other. Second, bec ause the synergism would be an chance for efficiency additions. However, the US Department of Justice argued that the amalgamation was anti-competitive and hence should non be permitted. As a effect of the sanctioned amalgamation, non merely competition was abolished from many duopolistic paths, but the merged Northwest became wholly supreme at MSP ( p. 95-96 ) . As can be seen in figure 2, Northwest ( NW ) , together with its code-share spouses, were responsible for 67.7 per cent of the flights, and 70.8 per cent of all riders at MSP in 2009. Furthermore, Bjork ( 2002 ) references that the strength of the big air hose at a hub airdrome is non the lone factor that threatens new entrants. The writer continues by saying that the US Department of Transport ( DOT ) has besides acknowledged that an incumbent air hose can beef up its solid place at a hub airdrome by a figure of steps and accordingly can censor all effectual competition. For illustration, it can be said that most big air hoses have acquired commuter spouses or have certain understandings with them. This ensures traffic flows between little spokes and the chief hub, which feed the international or intercontinental flights of the incumbent air hose. When this big air hose culls to interline at of import hub airdromes with new entrants, it may restrict the ability of the regional bearers to obtain provender traffic. As a consequence, limited competition is realised in both thin feeder markets and long-haul hub-to-hub markets ( p. 30 ) . Figure 2 Airline operations of major air hoses at Minneapolis-St. Paul Airport ( MSP ) in 2009 Abbreviations AA American Airlines DL Delta Airlines FL Air Tran SY SunCountry UA United Airlines US US Airways WN Southwest Airlines Beginning: compiled by the writer ; informations beginning: MSP Airport, 2009 3. Impacts on airdromes 3.1. Positive impacts on airdromes It can be stated that the presence of air hose confederations has assorted positive impacts on airdromes. First of wholly, as all members in an confederation have an extended finish web, because of the connecting options of their confederation spouses, it can be argued that the figure of transportation riders at airdromes additions. Figure 3 shows that the figure of transportation riders at Amsterdam Schiphol Airport in the Netherlands has risen steadily from 18 million in 2004 up to 20.3 million in 2008 ( Schiphol, 2011 ) . Hence, it can be believed that the presence of the SkyTeam confederation, which uses Amsterdam Schiphol as a hub, has certainly contributed to the growing of transportation riders. Second, as a effect, this increasing figure of transportation riders has besides a positive consequence on the purchase of duty-free merchandises in the airdrome stores. In order to increase the gross revenues at airdrome stores, an airdrome can make up ones mind on opening forte shops which may involvement international transportation riders. To utilize the illustration of Amsterdam Schiphol, the airdrome has opened more luxury duty-free shops in answer to the increasing demand by particularly Russian and Asiatic transportation riders. For illustration, this includes a Finest Spirits A ; Cigars shop and a shop that focuses on the sale of assorted cocoa merchandises ( Schiphol, 2011, p. 58 ) . Figure 3 The figure of transportation riders at Amsterdam Schiphol Airport ( 2004-2011 ) Beginning: compiled by the writer informations beginning: Schiphol, 2012 3.2. Negative impacts on airdromes In contrast with the assorted positive effects of air hose confederations on airdromes, there are besides some downsides. In this paragraph, two disadvantages of confederations on airdromes will be discussed. First, as air hose confederations bring an addition in traffic, congestion at an airdrome can be considered as a negative consequence, peculiarly at peak times. Particularly when there is an uneffective usage of the airdrome substructure, it can be difficult to suit the flights in a short timeframe ( Dennis, 2001 ) . At many of these types of airdromes it has been considered ineluctable to divide the usage of the track into time-defined sections normally known as slots ( Bjork, 2002, p. 28 ) . Harmonizing to IATA ( 2011 ) , slots can be defined as a permission given by a coordinator for a planned operation to utilize the full scope of airdrome substructure necessary to get or go at an [ aˆÂ ¦ ] airdrome on a specific day of the month and clip ( p. 11 ) . Besides, most flights at hubs are scheduled in so called waves . In each wave , a big figure of geting flights in a short timeframe is followed by more or less the same figure of goings, after leting some clip for rea llocation of riders and baggage. For illustration, figure 4 shows the moving ridge system of Germany s flag bearer Lufthansa at Munich Airport. This figure shows that a regular weekday consists of four moving ridges. Figure 4 Wave-system analysis of Lufthansa at Munich Airport Beginning: Burghouwt, 2007, p. 69 As airdromes do non hold an unrestricted extremum capacity during a wave , air hoses should accommodate their agendas consequently. Dennis ( 2001 ) discusses two chief options for rescheduling. Flights can either be added to the boundary lines of the present moving ridges, or new moving ridges can be developed to suit these extra flights. With respect to the figure of connexions, the first option is more likely to be chosen. However, while widening the current moving ridge, the connexion clip will besides increase. Figure 5 implies that a moving ridge with about 50 aircraft is likely to be the best option. Passing this figure could affect excess waiting clip for riders, which could ensue in an increased extremum burden on the terminal edifice ( p. 2 ) . Second, it is argued that the investing that airports will hold to do for confederations in order to suit seamless transportation connectivity, can besides hold a negative consequence on airdromes. In order to cut down the Minimum Connecting Time ( MCT ) for riders, airdromes have made some accommodations to their substructure. An illustration is Brussels Airport in Belgium, which upgraded their imposts and in-migration installations to make a better flow of riders reassigning from a Schengen beginning to a non-Schengen finish. Nevertheless, some airdromes are fundamentally non designed to suit traffic from air hose confederations. This is, for case, the instance when an airdrome consists of multiple terminuss that are non located near each other. This might take a rider a long clip to reassign when confederation spouses are spread over multiple terminuss, impacting the MCT as good ( Dennis, 2001 ) . Figure 5 Increase in connexions with moving ridge size ( based on 60 arrivals/departures per hr and 30 minute lower limit connecting clip ) Beginning: Dennis, 2001, p. 2 Decision Lorem ipsum dolour sit amet, ad Mali moderatius neglegentur eum. His suas eripuit scribentur ad, NEC in docendi ocurreret persequeris. Deseruisse Theophrastus copper vix, ex mel utamur repudiandae. Possit tacimates ne est, ut has platonem oportere. To sum up it can be said that what these unaligned air hoses resent in confederations is their sole character, the bureaucratic burden and the multi-lateral rank that distracts an air hose. Non-alignment agencies independent determinations that are taken quicker, version to altering demands and undivided focal point on the nucleus concern of the air hose. These air hoses have been helped in their determination non to fall in an confederation by the fact that the majority of inter-carrier understandings continue to be on the footing of bilateral trades and that confederation groupings are non truly sole. Alliance bearers retain a host of bilaterals with non-members and there are several cases of codification sharing between members of rival planetary confederations. Once the form of planetary confederations becomes much clearer and more stable and alliances become more and more sole in nature, it will go really hard for unaligned air hoses to collaborate with air hoses in confederatio n groupings. Furthermore, if existing confederations proceed to deeper integrating and accomplish ultimate cost decrease, this will tip the graduated table in favor of confederations, as it will increase their profitableness and competitory advantage. Such developments will set excess force per unit area on the unaligned air hoses to re-evaluate their attack towards confederations.

Investigating the environemtal impacts from plastic bags Research Paper

Investigating the environemtal impacts from plastic bags - Research Paper Example The Case Against Plastic Bags The manufacturing process requires 12 million barrels of oil per year, creating over 100 billion plastic shopping bags (Gamerman). With only about a 5% recycling rate (inspiration green), the landfills will overflow with bags that are not recycled or reused. A number of wildlife groups report discarded plastic bags are eaten by a variety of land and sea creatures with fatal effects. These concerns and other create the larger argument for environmental stewardship: The Tragedy of the Commons (Hardin, 1968) and TANSTAAFL (Dolan, 1971). Both of these writings warn of the economic â€Å"free rider† problem that is the bane of environmental stewardship The free rider problem refers to the polluting or overuse of the natural resources since no tax or fee is associated with dumping. The tragedy of the commons is the overuse and overgrazing of the common land. Since each herdsman wanted to maximize profits, they exploited the free grazing land by adding m ore and more cattle. Soon, the grazing land was destroyed, unable to recover and nobody could feed their cattle. The herdsmen who believed in proper stewardship either went broke or joined the others in selfish overuse. Pollution and contamination work the same way. Traditionally, industry would dump waste into rivers, bury toxins on site and spew horrid smoke into the air because the water, land and air were considered a common good; and companies could dump waste at â€Å"no cost†. With the Environmental Protection Agency and State environmental departments cracking down on polluters with fines and criminal penalties, this practice has abated, but does continue to a lesser extent. The neo-tragedy argument includes recycling and the after-effects of environmentally resilient products. TANSTAAFL (Dolan) originated in science fiction by Heinlein; the acronym means â€Å"there ain’t no such thing as a free lunch†. Dolan adopted the acronym in order to present his economic argument that pollution rights should be sold as an economic good. A calculation of the maximum mass of each pollutant potentially and immediately sorbed into the environment would lead to an inventory of polluting rights. These rights would be sold at auction to industries with a waste disposal problem. Other constituents would have to design non-polluting mechanisms to compete. Obviously, the cost of pollution would be set by the market. (Dolan) The money raised through the auction plus fines on pollution cheaters would pay for remediation. The plastic bag opponents take this argument one step further and assign responsibility for individual litter and recycling to the manufacturer. As much as 4% of trash in landfills consists of plastic bags. (DOE) As consumers use more and more plastic bags, even to contain trash, the landfills will take longer to naturally reclaim the natural resource of land. In an interesting study, small communal group, the Hutterites, were observed . (Hardin, 3) The finding was that when the colony size approaches 150, individuals begin to under-contribute and over-demand. Smaller groups manage by shame; however, larger groups lose that capacity. The commonistic approach of the Hutterites loses manageability in larger

Personal reflection on design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Personal reflection on design - Essay Example ve teaching design to pass information across to the target group will aid in the learning process as pupils will be able to grab much of what they are being told (Agostinho, 2006). Moreover, teachers will be able to pursue their careers with much ease as they provide quality education without investing a lot of time. The core purpose of a teacher is to offer quality education to his/her students. This can only be measured through the outcomes of an assessment exercise (McAndrew, Goodyear and Dalziel, 2006, p. 216). I believe that a concerned teacher will offer an assessment exercise to her/his pupils after a lesson to assess how much the pupils have understood what has been presented. Consequently, the teacher’s satisfaction will be attained if only he/she will find out that the pupils have extensively comprehended what was taught. Waters and Gibbons (2004, p. 57) state that a teaching design can be conducted in order to: illustrate the tasks assigned to the pupils, the resources available to the students to assist them in carrying out those tasks and how as their teacher, you are going to offer them support. As a primary teacher I have had to go through a lot of challenges in my teaching career. While in college we were taught on how to prepare prior to conducting lessons (Goodyear, 2005, p. 85). Among the things you have to do before undertaking a lesson is to prepare a simple lesson plan. A lesson plan is to give a teacher a guideline on the sequence of events during the lesson and what he/she has to accomplish at the end of a lesson. During the early years of my teaching career I had problems with preparing a lesson plan because I considered it to be time wasting. With five years of practice in the teaching field, I understand only too well the essential role of a lesson plan (Waters and Gibbons, 2004, p. 61). Dealing with a young mind I have to be very careful with what I do or say. According to Goodyear (2005, p. 101) children in primary schools

Religious Traditions and History Essay Example for Free

Religious Traditions and History Essay Polytheism, the belief in many gods, is perhaps the oldest known religion. The best known example is the Greek/Roman mythology, which included Zeus, Apollo, and Aphrodite, among others. One trait that is true of most Polytheistic sects is that there is a god that is above all others. â€Å"All African religions are monolithic in the sense that there is a single High God, who is said to be the creator of the world, and of mankind, and a central source of order and of whoever sense is to be found. † Another example would be Zeus. Most ancient societies believed in gods that were in charge of specific areas, such as rain, fertility, and a god of nature. These types of societies cooperate with nature. This doesn’t mean that all Polytheistic societies revered the natural world. The Romans exploited the natural resources of their surroundings. One common thread in most of these societies is that, compared to other religions, Polytheism is much more tolerant with the individual. Hinduism and Polytheism Hinduism is a religion founded in India around 1000 B.C. The religions practice a form of Polytheism. This religion doesn’t believe in one form of a god. They believe in the authority of the Vedas and Brahmans. These fundamental beliefs differentiate Hinduism from monotheistic, believing in one god, and most of the world’s major religions. There are many different gods in the Hindu religion. The most common are Ganesha, Shiva, Hanuman, Durga, and Lakshmi. What developed was a caste or class system called ‘varnas’. The different castes were assigned a task that was fitting for their class. â€Å"The expansion of towns brought about an increase in the number of artisans who were organized in guilds (shreni).† This system was good for commercial activities. The main goals of Hinduism are life-affirming goals of Dharma (virtue), Artha (success) and Kama (pleasure), while the life-negating goal is that of moksha (release). All except moksha can be done in any part of a person’s life. Confucianism and Buddhism People think that Confucianism and Buddhism are one and the same. Confucianism, which originated in China, teaches honesty, kindness, respect the earth, and good moral character. Confucius had a distain about gods and spirits and preferred to try to understand man. â€Å"Confucius (the Master) is more correctly Kong Qiu or Kong Fuzi (551-479 B.C.). He was the founder of a way of life, philosophy, or religion named Confucianism after a Latinized form of the founders name.† Buddhism, which started at about the same time as Confucianism, was started by Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha. Buddha, which means â€Å"the enlightened one†, which was the name he received from his followers. Buddhism is different from Confucianism in that it didn’t teach about the family or rituals of this world, rather it taught enlightenment which leads to nirvana. There are eight awarenesses of enlightenments. â€Å"Freedom From Desire, Satisfaction, Serenity, Meticulous Effort, Correct Remembrance, Samadhi, Wisdom, and avoiding idle talk.† The Chinese during this time asked the Buddhist monks, why do you not marry? Their answer was â€Å"Wives, children, and property are the luxuries of the world, but simple living and inaction are the wonders of the Way.† The Buddhist’s wanted was to live a simple life and reach enlightenment and thus nirvana. Christianity Christianity is a salvation religion. Christians and Buddhists turned to the idea of salvation around the same time. Salvation means escape your earthly bonds. If you don’t follow a righteous path, meaning free of sin, then you are destined to be cast into the pit of darkness, otherwise known as hell. The new testament of the bible is what guides these true believers. The Catholics say, for instance, that if you sin and repent by going to confession your sins will be forgiven. This is the only way to ensure that the soul is clean. The idea of all Christian orthodoxy is that they follow the teachings of Christ, which has many different interpretations. Thus it follows that when you die you will go to heaven. Some believe that the Earth is 6000 years old and believe that the bible is literally god’s word. They refuse to believe in science, saying that it’s flawed in some way. Others believe that the Earth is indeed older than 6000 years. These Christians believe that the bible is a parable, teaching them how to live everyday life as a Christian. Modern orthodoxy believes that Christian’s are observers of nature, rather than one with the Earth. Religion, Science and Nature Religion has a profound imprint on our natural surroundings. In general, the Eastern and most Polytheistic religions are more reverential toward nature. The Western religions tend to abuse nature. The invention of the plow is a prime example. The West thinks of it as a means to increase the food supply and disregards the environmental impact. The East and the Polytheist refer to it as â€Å"Mother Earth† and treat her much more delicately. The contrast between the two couldn’t be more stark. The East will try to balance their needs with nature. The West uses nature and sometimes destroys parts of it. The idea that we are separate from nature is a Western ideal. The East, in general, believes that we are one with nature and must take care of it. Science in the West was not in tune with medieval orthodoxy. It was interested in facts. The Eastern philosophy used science with a spiritual twist. Fang Yizhi observed of western science, â€Å"use a variety of techniques for swift computations, but they are still out of touch with general principles.† They used the mind and not the natural world. Summary There are many different religions that teach many different methods of how to live your life while on this world. Most worship one god, monotheistic, others worship many gods. Polytheists, which literally mean many gods, roots are seen in Greek/Roman mythology. Buddhism believes that there is no god, just a path to enlightenment. Once they’ve reached enlightenment, they’ve achieved nirvana. Confucianism and Buddhism are from China, but have very different belief systems. â€Å"Confucianism is perhaps best understood as an all-encompassing humanism that neither denies nor slights Heaven.† They believe that they are one with nature. Christians recognize only one god. They are labeled as a salvation religion. They hope to be able to break the bonds of this Earth by living a relatively good life with the reward being heaven. If you don’t accept Jesus into your life, you are destined to eternity in hell. It’s safe to say that the world’s religions have varied belief systems. Some believe in the after-life, while others believe that feel that we are Earth bound only. Most of the world believes in a single god. Polytheism and Hinduism say that there are many gods. They differ from Eastern religions in that they see themselves as observers rather than one with the Earth. The East and West see nature differently. While the West observe nature, the East embraces the idea of being part of nature. This is a very fundamental philosophy that can’t be overstated. The bottom line is that there are almost as many belief systems as there are people on Earth. It includes, but not only, monetary considerations, faith, and devotion. The only ones that know what’s going on, assuming there is an after-life, are the dead and buried. Citations The West and the World, A History of Civilization, From the Ancient World to 1700, Kevin Reilly, 95 2 The West and the World, A History of Civilization, From the Ancient World to 1700, Kevin Reilly, 334 3 The West and the World, A History of Civilization, From the Ancient World to 1700, Kevin Reilly, 146 4 http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/china/f/022808Confucius.htm 5 http://buddhism.about.com/od/basicbuddhistteachings/tp/awarenesses.htm 6 The West and the World, A History of Civilization, From the Ancient World to 1700, Kevin Reilly, 103 7 Kevin Reilly, The West World: A History Of Civilization from the Ancient World to 1700, Page 349 8 http://www.religionfacts.com/a-z-religion-index/confucianism.htm

Marco Polo :: Biographies Biographical Essays

Marco Polo is one of the most well-known heroic travelers and traders around the world. In my paper I will discuss with you Marco Polo's life, his travels, and his visit to China to see the great Khan. Marco Polo was born in c.1254 in Venice. He was a Venetian explorer and merchant whose account of his travels in Asia was the primary source for the European image of the Far East until the late 19th century. Marco's father, Niccolà ¹, and his uncle Maffeo had traveled to China (1260-69) as merchants. When they left (1271) Venice to return to China, they were accompanied by 17-year-old Marco and two priests. Early Life Despite his enduring fame, very little was known about the personal life of Marco Polo. It is known that he was born into a leading Venetian family of merchants. He also lived during a propitious time in world history, when the height of Venice's influence as a city-state coincided with the greatest extent of Mongol conquest of Asia(Li Man Kin 9). Ruled by Kublai Khan, the Mongol Empire stretched all the way from China to Russia and the Levant. The Mongol hordes also threatened other parts of Europe, particularly Poland and Hungary, inspiring fear everywhere by their bloodthirsty advances. Yet the ruthless methods brought a measure of stability to the lands they controlled, opening up trade routes such as the famous Silk Road. Eventually,the Mongols discovered that it was more profitable to collect tribute from people than to kill them outright, and this policy too stimulated trade(Hull 23). Into this favorable atmosphere a number of European traders ventured, including the family of Marco Polo. The Polos had long- established ties in the Levant and around the Black Sea: for example, they owned property in onstantinople, and Marco's uncle, for whom he was named, had a home in Sudak in the Crimea(Rugoff 8). From Sudak, around 1260, another uncle, Maffeo, and Marco's father, Niccolà ¹, made a trading visit into Mongol territory, the land of the Golden Horde(Russia), ruled by Berke Khan. While they were there, a war broke out between Berke and the Cowan of Levant, blocking their return home. Thus Niccolà ¹ and Maffeo traveled deeper into mongol territory, moving southeast to Bukhara, which was ruled by a third Cowan. While waiting there, they met an emissary traveling farther eastward who invited them to accompany him to the court of the great Cowan, Kublai, in Cathay(modern China). In Cathay, Kublai Khan gave the Polos a friendly reception, appointed them his emissaries to the pope, and ensured their safe travel back to Europe(Steffof 10).

Branches of Philosophy Essay

1. Logic Logic is the science and art of correct thinking. It attempts to codify the rules of rational thought. Logicians explore the structure of arguments that preserve truth or allow the optimal extraction of knowledge from evidence. Logic is one of the primary tools philosophers use in their inquiries; the precision of logic helps them to cope with the subtlety of philosophical problems and the often misleading nature of conversational language. 2. Ethics. Ethics is the study of the nature of right and wrong and good and evil, in terms both of considerations about the foundations of morality, and of practical considerations about the fine details of moral conduct. Moral philosophers may investigate questions as sweeping as whether there are such things moral facts at all, or as focused as whether or not the law ought to accord to rape victims the right to an abortion. 3. Metaphysics Metaphysics is the study of the nature of things. Metaphysicians ask what kinds of things exist, and what they are like. They reason about such things as whether or not people have free will, in what sense abstract objects can be said to exist, and how it is that brains are able to generate minds. 4. Epistemology Epistemology is the study of knowledge itself. Epistemologists ask, for instance, what criteria must be satisfied for something we believe to count as something we know, and even what it means for a proposition to be true. Epistemology is sometimes referred to as the â€Å"theory of knowledge. † 5. Axiology Axiology is philosophical the study of value; the investigation of its nature, criteria, and metaphysical status. More often than not, the term â€Å"value theory† is used instead of â€Å"axiology. † 6. Aesthetics Aesthetics is the study of value in the arts or the inquiry into feelings, judgments, or standards of beauty and related concepts. Philosophy of art is concerned with judgments of sense, taste, and emotion. Other Divisions of Philosophy 1. Philosophy of the Mind 2. Philosophy of the Person 3. Political Philosophy 4. Social Philosophy 5. Philosophy of Language 6. Philosophy of Science 7. Philosophy of Art 8. Philosophy of Language 9. Philosophy of Religion 10. Philosophy of Law 11. Philosophy of Education 12. Philosophy of History _______________________________ Cruz, Corazon L. 2005. Philosophy of man (third edition). Mandaluyong City: National bookstore Divisions and definition of philosophy. 2005. Available at http://philosophy. lander. edu/intro/what. shtml. Retrieved last November 8, 2010. Gripaldo, Rolando M. 2008. Philosophy, Sophism/Sophistry, and Pilosopo. Included in The philosophical landscape : A panoramic perspective on philosophy. Quezon City: C&E Publishing. Vuletic, Mark I. 2010. What is philosophy? Available at http://www. vuletic. com/hume/ph/philosophy. html. Accessed last November 8, 2010.

Conclusion And Evaluation Of Osmosis Potato Lab - 889 Words

Saam Baharmand Period 5 11 October 2014 Conclusion and Evaluation of Osmosis Potato Lab Hypothesis: I believe that the O Molar (M) solution of sugar and distilled water will be isotonic because there is no sugar in the solution. This Hypothesis was not supported by the results of the lab. 1) The line graph of the data collected shows the least amount of change in mass (1.8%) in the potato soaked in the 0.2M sugar solution. This means that the potatoes soaked in the 0.2M solution were the most isotonic of all the potatoes. 2) The beginning mass of the potato soaked in 0.2M solution was 10.6g and the ending mass was 10.8g. This data collection proves that there was no significant loss or gain of mass in the potato (soaked in 0.2M sol.) thus making it isotonic. 3) The percent (%) change in mass of the potato in the 0.0M sugar solution was recorded on the graph at 31.8%. This means that there was a significant increase in mass of the potato thus making the solution hypertonic and the potato cells hypotonic. Variables Independent: 5 interval sugar solutions of 0.0M, 0.2M, 0.4M, 0.6M, and 0.8M (mixed with distilled water) Dependent: % Mass Change of potato after 24 hours in solution Quantitative Relationship: When the intervals of sugar solution change, the % mass of the potato changes as a result. The 0.2M solution proved to the most isotonic while the 0.0M and 0.6M potatos proved to be the most hypotonic and hypetonic respectively. The potato of the 0.2M sol.Show MoreRelatedPotato Cubes Mass Lab Report1117 Words   |  5 Pages 2. Research Question: How will a potato cube’s mass change if put in a mixture of Glucose and Salient together vs a potato cube just being put into a solution with Glucose or Salient. 3. Background Information: Diffusion is where particles move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration. 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