The Legalization Of Assisted Suicide - 1280 Words

â€Å"And then as her voice slowed with the medication, she said, ‘I m sad to be going. But even with this early death, I wouldn t want to change my life for any other life in the world.†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Solomon) The war between life and death will never cease to exist. The reality is that no one can stop this never-ending cycle, many terminally ill patients know this all too well. As time goes on, technology expands, so does the understanding of death itself. For over a decade, there have been several articles produced that focus on the ethical and legal issues that arise with this specific topic. In 1997, the Supreme Court ruled that there is neither a constitutional right nor a constitutional prohibition of assisted suicide. This ruling allowed for Oregon state to begin to â€Å"experimenting† with the legalization. Though, the majority of states continue to stand firmly behind their decision on the legalization of assisted suicide. On one hand, people find this issue to be unethical, that assisted suicide only exterminates the possibility of recovery. On the other hand, people believe that patients who have fought long and hard for survival should be able to decide whether or not they wish to continue their life. So the question stands; Should patients be given the option to end their own life with a physician s assistance, or should it be deemed illegal in all states? First, as this issue continues to raise heads, many claim that the decision should be left solely up to the person who isShow MoreRelatedThe Legalization Of Assisted Suicide1650 Words   |  7 PagesWhile suicide itself is no longer considered a crime within the United States, physician-assisted suicide remains illegal. This practice, despite being closely related, varies from euthanasia. These two practices are distinguished by who administers the lethal dose that kills the patient; euthanasia is administered by a doctor whereas assisted suicide is the patient’s voluntary consumption of a fatal medication that was prescribed by a doctor. Despite the variation, both practices are currently consideredRead MoreThe Legalization Of Assisted Suicide2314 Words   |  10 PagesThe ongoing disagreements within the legalization of Assisted Suicide are never ending. In the modern healthcare field, assisted suicide has many problems faced upon the unsafe environments and the abuse with in the laws provided. As we live on a day to day basis, new and improved technologies shape the medical field. It is the professional s job to be up to date on what is going on whether it is the physical issues or world matters. Most see assisted suicide as a terrible form to go about takingRead MoreThe Legalization of Assisted Suicide1291 Words   |  5 PagesAssisted Suicide has through out history caused controversy among our society. There are two sides to this issue, one that passionately supports it, and those who religiously disagree. I believe that assisted suicide should become legal for several reasons. Assisted suicide gives individuals the right to end their suffering when they personally feel that their time has come to die. Assisted suicide should become legal because if one can decide to put an animal out of its misery, why shouldn’t thatRead MoreThe Legalization Of Physician Assisted Suicide976 Words   |  4 Pagesmake the last months of a person’s l ife as comfortable as possible, ultimately palliative and hospice care become ineffective in helping with the excruciating pain. Thus, the legalization of physician assisted suicide provides a compassionate death while preserving the concept of patient autonomy. Physician-assisted suicide enables terminally ill patients to die comfortably and peacefully in their own homes. Terminally ill patients suffer through constant pain in their final months, and there remainsRead MoreThe Legalization Of Physician Assisted Suicide1265 Words   |  6 PagesParker March, 14, 2015 Assisted Suicide Introduction There are several ethical and legal issues that are raised by the majority concerning the legalization of physician assisted suicide and the role of nurses in the process. Assisted suicide is a legal act of assisting those who are suffering from a deadly illness in ending their lives by providing them the means to do it (Griffith, 2014). Netherland was the first country to legalize physician assisted suicide. In 1994, Oregon becameRead MoreThe Legalization Of Physician Assisted Suicide1720 Words   |  7 PagesIt is obvious discussing physician-assisted suicide is a very controversial issue that is discussed daily by those who wish to die to avoid loss of dignity and also by those who think it is unethical. For physician-assisted suicide to even be considered, the patient must be of sound mind when they are requesting death with dignity. Physician-assisted suicide should be a legal option for people who are unable to end their own lives. However, there should be safeg uards to prevent any sort of abuseRead MoreThe Legalization Of Physician Assisted Suicide1984 Words   |  8 PagesAnthony Zhang 4.29.15 Period 3B Living in Pain or Death with Dignity The legalization of physician assisted suicide (PAS) in Oregon in 1994 changed the face of the argument between those who believe in death with dignity and those who believe in letting nature take its course. It was a major victory for PAS advocates as the first state in America had legalized PAS in the country’s history. In 2008, the neighboring state of Washington followed suit with a similar law and legalized PAS by a 58-42Read MoreLEGALIZATION OF ASSISTED SUICIDE IN THE U.S. Currently, physician-assisted suicide or death is2900 Words   |  12 PagesLEGALIZATION OF ASSISTED SUICIDE IN THE U.S. Currently, physician-assisted suicide or death is illegal in all states except Oregon, Vermont, Montana and Washington. Present law in other states express that suicide is not a crime, but assisting in suicide is. Supporters of legislation legalizing assisted suicide claim that the moral right to life should encompass the right to voluntary death. Opponents of assisted suicide claim that society has a moral and civic duty to preserve the lives of innocentRead MoreLegalization Of Physician Assisted Suicide820 Words   |  4 Pages In February 6, 2015, the Supreme Court of Canada made a momentous decision that would legalize physician-assisted death within a year. Physician-assisted suicide (PAS), in simple words, means doctors prescribe a lethal dose of medication that patients take themselves. The question that whether the Criminal Code provisions should prohibit physician-assisted suicide has been discussed in public for several decades. Actually, decriminalizing PAS may cause some sorts of abuses, but not decriminalizingRead MoreThe Need for the Legalization of Physician-Assisted Suicide2485 Words   |  10 Pagesprevent death. Many people turn to a procedure known as Physician-Assisted suicide, a process by which a doctor aids in ending a terminally ill patient’s life. This procedure is painless and effective, allowing patients to control their death and alleviate unnecessary suffering. In spite of these benefits, Physician-Assisted suicide is illegal in many places both nationally and internationally. Despite the fact that Physician-Assisted suicide is opposed by many Americans and much of the world on ethical

Why Federal Elections are Held on Tuesday

Of course, every day is a good day to exercise our freedom, but why do we always vote on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November? Under a law enacted in 1845, the day designated as Election Day for choosing elected federal government officials is set as â€Å"the Tuesday next after the first Monday in the month of November† or the first Tuesday after November 1.† This means that the earliest possible date for federal elections is November 2, and the latest possible date is November 8. For the federal offices of President, Vice President, and members of Congress, Election Day occurs only in even-numbered years. Presidential elections are held every four years, in years divisible by four, in which electors for President and Vice President are chosen according to the method determined by each state as required by the Electoral College system. Midterm elections for members of the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate are held every two years. Terms of office for persons elected in federal elections begin in January of the year following the election. The President and Vice President are sworn in on Inauguration Day, typically held on January 20. Why Congress Set an Official Election Day Before Congress passed the 1845 law, the states held federal elections at their discretion within a 30-day period before the Wednesday in December. But this system had the potential to result in electoral chaos. Already knowing the election results from states that voted in early November, people in states that did not vote until late November or early December often decided not to bother to vote. The lower voter turnout in late-voting states could change the outcome of the overall election. On the other hand, in very close elections, states that voted last had the power to decide the election. Hoping to eliminate the voting lag problem and streamline the entire election process, Congress created the current federal Election Day. Why a Tuesday and Why November? Just like the food on their tables, Americans can thank agriculture for an Election Day in early November. In the 1800s, most citizens — and voters — made their living as farmers and lived far from the polling places in cities. Since voting required a day-long horseback ride for many people, Congress decided a two-day window for elections. While weekends seemed a natural choice, most people spent Sundays in church, and many farmers transported their crops to market on Wednesday through Friday. With those restrictions in mind, Congress chose Tuesday as the most convenient day of the week for elections. Farming is also the reason for Election Day falling in November. Spring and summer months were for planting and cultivating crops, late summer through early fall were reserved for the harvest. As the month after the harvest, but before the snows of winter made travel difficult, November seemed the best choice.   Why the first Tuesday after the first Monday? Congress wanted to make sure the election never fell on the first of November. November 1st is a Holy Day of Obligation in the Roman Catholic Church (All Saints Day). In addition, many businesses tallied their sales and expenses and did their books for the previous month on the first of each month. Congress feared that an unusually good or bad economic month might influence the vote if it were held on the 1st. But, that was then and this is now True, most of us are no longer farmers, and while some citizens still ride a horse to vote, travel to the polls is far simpler than in 1845. But is there, even now, a single better day to hold a national election than the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November? School is back in session and most summer vacations are over. The closest national holiday -- Thanksgiving -- is still almost a month away, and you dont have to buy anybody a gift. But the runaway best all-time reason for holding the election in early November is one Congress never even considered in 1845. Its far enough from April 15 that we have forgotten about the last tax-day and havent started worrying about the next one. Bottom line? Any day is a good day to vote.

The Strategic Defence Initiative Within The Cold War Essay

The Cold War was an ideological war primarily between the United States and the Soviet Union (1945-1991). There were several major flashpoints within the war, such as the concept of Mutually Assured Destruction (M.A.D), the Strategic Defence Initiative (S.D.I), the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Vietnam War, the Korean War, the Berlin Blockade and the defiance of the USSR. This essay will discuss the significance the Strategic Defence Initiative within the Cold War. Contrary to the mainstream idea that the S.D.I played a primary role in ending the cold war, the S.D.I had implications in ending the war by influencing Soviet leadership however it unnecessarily complicated and increased tensions in the war. To begin with, the Cold War occurred because of the increased tensions and the alternate ideologies. Secondly, the Strategic Defence Initiative had opposing goals and purposes, therefore ensuring its superiority across political and defensive areas.Finally, the S.D.I only increased existi ng tensions. The Cold War was an ideological war between Communist and Capitalist ideologies. Specifically, the two super powers, the Soviet Union and the United States. This ideological war began shortly after the conclusion of the Cold War, with the Cambridge University Press defining the Cold War as a state of extreme unfriendliness... between countries, especially ... with opposing ideological systems, ... expressing itself ... through political pressure and threats. (Cambridge UniversityShow MoreRelatedThe Beginning of the End for the Cold War1228 Words   |  5 Pagespolicies (Regan Doctrine) which concluded the Cold War contest with victory for the west. Kegley believes that by engaging Moscow in an arm race, the Soviet Union was dragged into a competition which exhausted their already fragile economy leading them initially into retrenchment and ultimately out of the contest. (13) Peterson notes the argument of Patrick Glynn that Gorbachev’s radical reforms of perestroika and gla snost which accelerated the demise of Cold War were actually in response to President Regan’sRead MoreDeterrence During World War II1677 Words   |  7 Pagesbelligerent action and amply reflected in Thucydides and Machiavelli writings. I would focus on strategic deterrence concept crafted by Bernard Brodie and theory of deterrence evolved overtime after World War II. The Eisenhower administration outlined a doctrine of â€Å"massive retaliation† to deter opponent and use it even in limited war to keep it short and crisp, while keeping the strategy focus between strategic superiority and minimum deterrence. Paul Nitze highlighted the gap between declaratory policyRead MoreCold War And Its Effect On The End Of War1139 Words   |  5 PagesIn 1945, right after the end of Second World War, cold war broke out. Cold war is the conflict about economic, political and ideology between the USA and the USSR. These countries made this world separated, especially within European countries, into two with super enormous power. In this essay, brief introduction of cold war and the most effective factor to contribute to the end of war will be analysed. When it comes back to the beginning of cold war, in 1946, the barrier which called Iron wallRead More Has Technology Made Strategy Obsolete? Essay1516 Words   |  7 Pages Has Technology Made Strategy Obsolete? It has been said that, quot;improvements in technology for waging war have made strategy increasingly irrelevant.quot; This is not the case; strategy is actually becoming more important with the development of more sophisticated military technology. Firstly it must be clearly defined how strategy and technology relate to each other. There have been many different views on what, in effect, constitutes strategy. If one were to compare Sun Tzus concepts ofRead MoreESSAY Military Spending Is It Justified1513 Words   |  7 Pagesjustifiable in the modern world. ! ! With all its wars, terrorist attacks and genocides, history might suggest that the armed forces has a critical and unquestionable role in any nation-state. However, as Steven Pinker puts it â€Å"We believe our world is riddled with terror and war, but we may be living in the most peaceable era in human existence’. Since the peak of the cold war in the 1970s and 80s, organised conflicts of all kinds, such as civil wars, genocides, repression by autocratic governmentsRead MoreTHE CHALLENGES OF JOINT OPERATIONS IN THE RBAF ‚Äà ¬ PROBLEMS OF DOCTRINE AND EQUIPMENT PROCUREMENT7447 Words   |  30 Pagesï » ¿THE CHALLENGES OF JOINT OPERATIONS IN THE RBAF – PROBLEMS OF DOCTRINE AND EQUIPMENT PROCUREMENT CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1. Modern states tailor their defence capabilities to meet their foreign and security policy needs. Such capabilities are provided by weapon systems and trained personnel which are employed according to fundamental military principles. The uncertainties of threat and complexities of risk in the contemporary world demand a wide range of military capabilities. Furthermore, in mostRead MoreOrganizational Culture : An Organization1409 Words   |  6 Pagesprogrammes despite long development times. These circumstances are categorised by Deal and Kennedy (2000) as a â€Å"Bet-your-company† type culture. The Civil Service’s culture is not just about high risk decisions but also as a whole entity that people live within. Cummings and Worley (2005. 509) examine this point with regards to a company’s culture: An organisation’s culture is the pattern of assumptions, value and norms that are more or less shared by the organisation’s members. This is reinforced by KeytonRead MoreCybersecurity Essay1428 Words   |  6 Pagesthe manager of certain public responsibilities (2014, p. 297). This caused the technical community to design an open system with weak governance and security, built on American values of personal liberty. The overly optimistic outlook of the post-Cold War era was quickly proven to be too early. This prompted short-term solutions, such as greater encryption. While this technical action is important, however any real change in the current situation would require substantial changes in state behaviourRead MoreThe Realist Theory Of The World Operates Within A State Of Anarchy1737 Words   |  7 Pagesprevalent in history for much time, displaying its prominence ubiquitously in international relations. The realistic theory which has been examined and supported by philosophers such as Hans Morgenthau and Thomas Hobbes, concludes that the world operates within a state of anarchy. The states tend to strive a nd pursue for their own benefit and the primary objective for the states is survival and power. Therefore, an accumulation of resources and military is vital. Much of politics are flooded with politicalRead MoreEssay on The Cold War from 1950-19801739 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cold War from 1950-1980 The period of 1950 to 1980 saw the Cold War spread from the traditional playing field of Europe to other parts of the world. However it is quite clear that the USA and the Soviet Union played only a marginal role in originating these conflicts-at the most setting up the basic framework for it to occur. Furthermore, when they did get involved they each did so to varying degrees. The USA seemed to be much more motivated and interested

Mental Health Nursung Individual Case Study

Question: Describe about the Case Study for Mental Health Nursung Individual. Answer: Introduction Anorexia nervosa commonly known as Anorexia is a serious eating disorder that affects both genders and people of all ages. It is characterized by features like lack of healthy body weight, fear of gaining weight, distorted body image and desire to be thin. The victims of this condition mostly see themselves as overweight even when they are underweight (Sari, 2011; Attia E, 2013). They often weigh themselves, do excessive exercise, eat small amounts of food or not eat at all with the aim of extreme thinness of their body (Sari, 2011). Anorexia is of two types i.e. restricting type whereby the victims restrict themselves from eating certain foods and the purging type whereby the victims lose weight by excessive vomiting or use of laxatives and diuretics. Risk Factors for the Case Study Weighing issues-She carefully removes all her clothes and shoes before she weighs herself besides being so careful about the accuracy of the weighing machine. This means that she has the desire to know her weight and want it to be perfect. This is a psychological type of risk whereby she is affected emotionally in case things go as unplanned. Bad eating habits-Lindsay has a schedule for taking only water and orange juice every day but not for eating any food. Besides needing water, the body also needs food for it to be strong and healthy but Lindsay is not giving her body that. This is a characteristic associated with individuals undergoing the condition of Anorexia Nervosa whereby the person eats very little or does not eat at all with an aim of reducing body size. They may even undergo starvation for that reason. This definitely shows that Lindsay want to reduce her body size and go to any lengths to get that (Rikani et al., 2013). Extreme exercising-According to Lindsays parents, exercise is important for body healthiness but according to Lindsay its a way of losing weight. She jogs every morning for two hours and takes her exercising sections very serious such that in case one entered the room she would not stop. This shows how much she may not love or appreciate her body size and therefore determined in losing the body weight to attain the size she desires (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2013). Self-expression problems- According to the interviewee, Lindsay is unable to describe herself when she is asked to do so and instead she claims that she is overweight. When asked to talk about her diet she gives a two word answer, its normal. The claim of feeling overweight even when you are underweight is a risk factor associated with Anorexia. This clearly shows that Lindsay has got problems with her body size and she would so much like to change it. 2: Data That Supports the Inference Client Is Suffering From an Eating Disorder She is at her puberty age i.e. 15yrs A lot of weight loss for a short period of time i.e. 40lbs in one year The client has limited social life i.e. she is lonely The client is underweight but claims she is overweight i.e. weighing 90lbs at 15years of age. She is experiencing some times of constipation. Loss of periods for a while i.e. 5 months Has developed eating disorders i.e. no food but drink water and orange juice at specific times of the day. She insists on unpacking before talking to her interviewee and she arranges her clothes and personal items perfectly i.e. perfectionism. She has difficulty in expressing her feelings i.e. when she is asked about her diet she gives short answers, its normal and when asked to describe herself she says she is overweight. Her parents are divorced which shows there may be problems in her family relations that is why she lives with her mother and sees her father only once per month. She jogs for two hours every day and does extreme exercise 3: Differences between Anorexia and Bulimia Anorexia Nervosa is a condition which is caused by increased self-starvation with an aim to reduce body weight of approximately 15% or more of the normal body weight while Bulimia Nervosa are usually already at normal body weight (Nolen S, 2014) In Bulimia, patients are must undergo compulsory purging, a cycle of diet and binge-eating in order to reduce gain during weight loss (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2013). I.e. they are more conscious and less controlling of the weight loss process while in Anorexia the diagnosis exceeds that of Bulimia i.e. the patients assume complete control of the weight loss process (Nolen S, 2014). 4: Relationship Between Body image is the physical view of a persons body shape and size e.g. thin Need for control means the obligation or necessity to take over or lead. Eating disorders means bad eating habits e.g. eating so little or not eating at all. The three are related in a way that an individual with a dissatisfying body size or shape will take a step ahead and take control of her eating habits which may lead to development of eating disorders for them to attain the size or shape they desire (NIMH, 2015). This relationship is applicable in this case study where by Lindsay Smith doesnt seem to love her body size and so she takes the responsibility of exercising frequently and not eating at all but instead taking water and orange juice only. 5: Development of Outcomes and Their Importance Ability to tolerate her feelings-The client should be able to accept and tolerate their feelings and especially the negative ones (NIMH, 2015) e.g. feeling of being overweight. By doing this the client will notice that Anorexia is not solely an eating disorder condition and by tolerating her feelings she will be in position to control her eating disorders. Change her mind setting-With the client having the desire to insist in perfectionism (good performer, arranges her clothes and personal items perfectly) it means that she is giving in to the symptoms of Anorexia. So she should try to feel normal and make mistakes whenever and wherever she fail to be right and this will help her to always feel satisfied, worthy and helpful whenever she can. Develop healthier eating habits-Lindsay should not glue herself to not eating or eating little food and drinking water and orange juice at certain times of the day. Instead she should try and start eating more healthy food than ever before and let go the rules especially with the help of a nutritionist or dietician (Marzola E, 2013; Satherley R, et al 2015). Self-appreciation-Lindsay may not be appreciating herself especially her body and thats why she takes the steps to reduce her body weight. She should learn to try and accept her body just as she naturally is and at long last she may end up loving herself too which is a very value in a persons life. 6: Nursing Interventions to Assist With Discharge Ensure that a plan is in place to meet the needs of the patient after they are discharged which includes eating times, medication hours, therapy among others (Halmi, 2013). Should implement and teach the patient techniques and strategies that will help them cope with anxiety and be able to have self-control (Singleton, Joanne K. 2014). Ensure that the prognosis, disease process and treatment is well understood by the patient before its all done and before discharge (Goldier et al., 2014). Ensuring that the patient know and understand the side effects of the disease and more so the medication give to them (Quick et al., 2013). 7: Biases on Adolescence and Eating Disorders The value of thin bodies- Most of the adolescents of the modern society seem to value and desire thin bodies especially for the ladies and this has led into using even drugs to get what they want (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2014). This certainly makes their ideas differ from what I would teach. Effect by Western Culture-In most of the Western countries thin bodies and masculine bodies for ladies and gentlemen respectively are viewed as a source of beauty. This therefore make those without to desire that and therefore hard to change their minds and thinking. Peer Pressure- This comes about when most of the adolescents who surround each other are of a certain body shape or size but one is different. They most probably prefer a certain body size and term it as the best and so this disorients the one who is different (Herpertz-Dahlmann, 2013). Its hard to change the minds of such groups or believes (Herpertz-Dahlmann, 2013). References Arcelus J, Witcomb G L, Mitchell A. (2014, March). Prevalence of Eating Disorders Amonst Dancers:A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Eating Disorders Review :The journal of the Eating Disorders association, 22(2), 92-101. Goldier L R, Park R J. (2014). Compulsivity in Anorexia Nervosa:A Transdiagnostic Concept. Front Psychology, 5, p. 778. Halmi K A. (2013). Perplexities of Treatment Resistance in Eating Disorders. BMC Psychiatry, 13, 292. Herpertz-Dhlmann B, Buhren K, Remschmidt H. (2013). Growing up is Hard:Mental disorders in adolescence. Deutsches Arzteblatt International, 110, pp. 432-439. Marzola E, Nasser J A, Hashim S A, Shih P A, Kaye W H. (2013). Nutritional Rehabilitation in Anorexia Nervosa. Review of the Literature and Implications for Treatment, 13, p. 290. H. (2013). Abnormal Psychology. New York: McGraw Hill. National Institute of Mental Health. (2015). Eating Disorders. Nolen-Hoeksema S. (2014). Eating Disorders. Abnormal Psychology, 341. Quick V M, Byrd-Bredbenner C, Neumark-Sztainer D. (2013, May 1). Chronic Illness and Disordered Eating:A discussion of the literature. Advantages of Nutrition Review, 4, pp. 277-286. Rikan A A, Choudhry Z, Choudhry A M, Ikram H, Asghar M W, Kajal D, . . . Mobassarah N J. (2013). A Critic of the Literature on Etiology of Eating Disorders. Anals of Neurosciences, 20, pp. 157-161. J. (2014, 11 12). Primary Care:An interprofessional perspective. An Interprofessional Perspective. Satherley R, Howard R, Higgs S. (2015, January). Disordered Eating Practices in Gastrointerstinal Disorders. Appetite Review, 84, pp. 240-250. Shepphird, S. F. (2011). Questions and Asnwers About Anorexia Nervosa. Jones and Bartlett Learning.

Television Downfall Essay Example For Students

Television Downfall Essay Televisions Effect on American SocietyWhat role does television play in society? For decades we have seen many parts of our world rapidly going through changes in technology. Todays society has been transformed by means of communication and the available information through mass media. Most Americans rely on television for news, sports, and entertainment. Television is just one of the many examples of how technology has changed our lives. Since the invention of the television in the early 1900s, it has played a very important role in our lives. Having a television set in the home has become very essential in todays society. We depend on it to entertain us with its sitcoms and to inform us about current world issues. The problem is that sometimes what we hear or see on television is not always accurate or correct. Sometimes news stories give us the wrong information and we believe that it is true because it is being said on television. We will write a custom essay on Television Downfall specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now They may give you a story, but they may leave out some details to prove their point or to make the story more interesting. Americans are among the most ill-informed people in the world. Television, in other words, is not the great information machine. It is the great disinformation machine. TV tends to mislead us with its stories and in many ways we allow ourselves to be fall behind in the world as we tend to want to watch the entertainment shows and not the news broadcasts. Thus, we are not informed about what is going on in our world. We complain that there arent enough intelligent people in the world and yet we are being misinformed by what is supposed to be our main source of information. Another way television misleads its viewers is by the way that they present candidates for an election of politicians. They spend all their time and money trying to put together a commercial that only puts down the other candidate. How are voters supposed to know whom to vote for if all they are presented with is negative ideas about each candidate? Television also tries to persuade us to vote for a certain proposition. Voters are also lured into voting for or against a proposition by listening to the music being played in the background of the commercial. An example of this type of situation may be the campaign on proposition 5 dealing with the Indian Casinos. They play sad, and convincing, music in the background of their commercial so the viewers can soften their hearts and vote yes on their proposition. Television is powerful enough to make our shopping easier. Actually, it is making us lazier. TV stations such as the Home Shopping Network make shopping as easy as dialing some numbers on a touch tone phone. People are also convinced to buy a certain product because a celebrity is presenting it. For example: if supermodel Cindy Crawford presents make-up, ladies will buy it and wear it because they believe that it will make them look like her. As a television viewer myself, I believe that television has us all trapped in a world where we believe everything that is being said. As technology keeps advancing there will be less tasks for us to do. Television is one of the many advances in technology that has made our lives easier, or should I say it has made us lazier? Whether that is good or bad, I dont know, but what I do know is that technology is robbing us of our ability to think for ourselves. Words/ Pages : 614 / 24

The History Of The Airline Alliances Tourism Essays

The History Of The Airline Alliances Tourism Essays The History Of The Airline Alliances Tourism Essay The History Of The Airline Alliances Tourism Essay During the last decennaries, several so called confederations have been formed in the air hose industry. Harmonizing to Stanford-Smith, Chiozza Edin, a strategic confederation can be explained as any signifier of long-run cooperation between two or more administrations, where the parent administrations remain separate legal entities, which is intended to basically alter the merchandise or service, or its production/delivery method, in a given concern unit ( p. 958 ) . At this minute, there are three chief air hose confederations around the Earth. First of wholly, Star Alliance, which was created in 1997 and presently dwelling of 27 member air hoses ( Star Alliance, 2012 ) . Second, OneWorld, established in 1999 and soon holding 12 members. Finally, the youngest air hose confederation is SkyTeam, formed in 2000 and consists now of 18 member air hoses ( SkyTeam, 2012 ) . This paper describes the assorted impacts of air hose confederations. In the first chapter, the impacts of air hose confederations on their members will be discussed. Second, the effects of allied air hoses on non-member air hoses will be argued. And eventually, the influences of air hose confederations on the airdromes they fly at will be explained. In each chapter, both positive and negative influences will be discussed. 1. Impacts on member air hoses Positive impacts on member air hoses Airline confederations have several positive impacts on their member air hoses. In this paragraph, three illustrations of positive impacts will be explained. First of wholly, it is argued that confederations have a positive consequence on salvaging an air hose s costs. For case, when purchasing aircraft stuffs for care intents, member air hoses can cut down the sum costs by buying these resources together and may have majority price reductions. The same technique can besides be used for majority buying aircraft. For illustration, in 2003, four members of Star Alliance intended to bulk purchase up to 200 standardized regional aircraft ( Doganis, 2006, p. 93 ) . In fact, harmonizing to Doganis ( 2006 ) , it is estimated that joint buying can cut the monetary values paid by up to seven per cent and finally cut downing the entire bill by up to a billion dollars every twelvemonth ( p. 93 ) . Furthermore, the joint usage of other services, for case land handling or catering installations, can besides assist in cut downing air hose costs ( Bissessur A ; Alamdari, 1998, p. 335 ) . Second, it is said that air hoses can gain from increased rider traffic when being in an confederation. This addition is by and large caused by the extension of the air hose s web by utilizing a code-share understanding ( Bissessur A ; Alamdari, 1998 ) . Code sharing is good for both the selling air hose and the operating air hose. On the one manus, it is advantageous for the merchandising air hose as it is selling a ticket of the operating air hose under its ain designator codification. This means that the merchandising air hose additions entree to new markets without holding to run their ain aircraft at that place. On the other manus, the operating air hose is likely to transport more riders on board as the tickets are sold through more distribution channels than instead its ain. Table 1 Wagess and associated costs of labor as a per centum of entire operating cost ( 2002 ) Beginning: Doganis, 2006, p. 119 Finally, it is argued that an air hose confederation has a good consequence on a member air hose s labor costs. Nowadays, labor costs represent rather a considerable portion of an air hose s operating cost. As can be seen in Table 1, rewards and associated costs of labors largely account for 20 to 35 per cent of the air hose s entire operating cost Doganis ( 2006, p. 119 ) . Harmonizing to Doganis ( 2001 ) , labour costs differ greatly between air hoses in the same markets globally, unlike other costs as such as land handling, fuel and airdrome fees. Iatrou ( 2004 ) gives two examples how an air hose confederation could assist in cut downing labor costs. First, the figure of gross revenues and land forces could be reduced by sharing offices at bases of another member air hose, alternatively of keeping its ain offices across the Earth. Second, it is argued that confederations could ease member air hoses to profit from the low-wage construction of its spouses in other states, without salvaging on employee quality. This could for illustration apply to the enlisting of cabin and cockpit crew ( p. 99 ) . Negative impacts on member air hoses Although confederations have several advantages for their member air hoses, there are besides some downsides for the confederation participants. This paragraph discusses three chief negative effects on spouse air hoses. First, it is argued that take parting in an confederation could impact an air hose s trade name image ( Kleymann A ; Seristo , 2004 ) . This job may be triggered by the assortment of images within the confederation. The writers suggest that it could be possible that an image of an confederation is created that is unlike the image of any of the attached air hoses. However, a grant between the images of the most dominant member air hoses is considered to be more likely. For smaller air hoses, it could be considered difficult to accommodate to the created image of the confederation ( p. 120 ) . Second, conflicting understandings could besides be considered as a negative consequence. Iatrou ( 2004 ) explains that it is likely that all confederation members use the same provider. Before an air hose joins an confederation, it normally has a long-standing relationship with different providers, such as catering, Central Reservation Systems ( CRS ) and so on. As a effect, the air hose may happen it hard to revoke these contracts because of possible punishments that may follow. What is more, when an air hose agrees on a new provider, it will really probably have to put clip and money in acquiring familiarised with the new providers and their systems ( p. 114 ) . Finally, it can be argued that increased costs for an air hose could besides be a possible negative impact. Following to the regular subscription fee that a member air hose is ought to pay, Iatrou ( 2004 ) references another type of cost for the air hose, which are the alleged sunk-costs . These touchable disbursals cover all accommodations that have to be made in order to run into the confederation s demands, for case the aircraft inside. These investings by the member are required to guarantee effectual confederation operations and to hold consistent committedness of the member air hoses to the confederation. It goes without stating that, particularly for comparatively little air hoses, these costs can be seen as a considerable investing. One can reason that, as a consequence, this investing might do them more dependent on the confederation ( p. 115-116 ) . 2. Impacts on non-member air hoses 2.1. Positive impacts on non-member air hoses It can be considered that confederations have positive impacts on non-member air hoses. That is to state, how air hoses can profit from non take parting in an confederation. It can be argued that some air hoses, presently non take parting in an confederations, do non desire to fall in an confederation, because of their alone concern theoretical account. Iatrou ( 2004 ) illustrates the grounds for this dissociation on the footing of interviews with two air hoses, that have non joined a planetary confederation so far and make non mean to fall in such an confederation. First of wholly, it is argued that air hoses that are non likely to fall in an confederation, are of the sentiment that they have alone trade name , offering alone merchandises . One can therefore state that these air hoses have created such a trade name consciousness that it is non for the interest of their image that they want to fall in an confederation. Second, it is said that it would non be even more good for an air hose to fall in an confederation in footings of web enlargement. For illustration, Virgin Atlantic has specified in the interview that they are non dependent on any feeders, as of their ain web traffic as less than 10 per cent is linking traffic. Third, as discussed in the old chapter, confederation entry fees and other costs form a barrier against fall ining an confederation. Some illustrations of these costs are the constitution of the new IT substructure and distribution channels, and so on. Finally, the writer argues that bureaucratic burden is another indis pensable ground why an air hose does non desire to fall in an confederation. It can be said that there are some rather important charges of the direction of take parting in confederation meetings, which consummate at batch of clip on a annual footing ( p. 160 ) . 2.2. Negative impacts on non-member air hoses It can be said that air hose confederations besides have negative influences on air hoses outside their partnership. In this paragraph, two chief negative impacts on this group of air hoses will be discussed. First, Bjork ( 2002 ) explains the effects of competition between allied air hoses and non-member air hoses. The writer argues that air hoses that dominate a hub are likely to have a greater figure of slot allowances at their chief hubs, which will likely take to some anti-competitive concerns. The writer continues by giving the illustration of a step initiated by the US Department of Transport ( DOT ) to cut down this anti-competitive state of affairs. First of wholly, the US DOT has recognised that where service in the market is constrained by slot handiness, a hub bearer with entree to a big pool of slots has even greater handiness to react in entry in an anti-competitive manner because the entrant will be unable to add capacity on its ain ( p. 28 ) . As a effect, in order to excite competition in some markets, the US DOT has granted a restricted figure of slot freedoms to new air hoses that wish to vie in that peculiar market. Unfortunately, the attack of the US DOT did non ho ld the consequence that was ab initio wished, and therefore did non increase the competition in these markets. The ground given for this was that, normally, new participants do non happen it economically justified to come in into a market which is dominated by a single-hub air hose in order to take part ( Young, 1999 ) . Bjork ( 2002 ) argues that this logical thinking can be relied on the market portions of hub air hoses. It can be seen in figure 1 that KLM Royal Dutch Airlines ( KL ) is by far the largest operator at Schiphol Airport with a market portion of about 50 per cent. A hub bearer as KLM has created over the old ages a changeless addition portion of available slots at their hub airdromes, which are called fortress hubs ( p. 29 ) . Figure 1 Airline market portion at Amsterdam Schiphol ( 2011 ) based on air conveyance motions Abbreviations AF Air France AZ Alitalia BA British Airways DL Delta Airlines HV Transavia.com KL KLM LH Lufthansa OR ArkeFly SK SAS Scandinavian U2 easyJet Beginning: compiled by the writer ; informations beginning: Schiphol, 2011, p. 25 However, congested hubs are non the lone cause for concern with anti-competition. The decrease in competition can besides be reduced when rivals join together in a amalgamation or confederation, particularly when they were once active on the same path ( Bjork, 2002 ) . Furthermore, the writer describes that particularly heavy long-haul hub-to-hub paths are threatened, as some of these hubs are inviolable fortresses . Doganis ( 2006 ) mentions the illustration of the amalgamation of Northwest Airlines and Republic Airlines which was consummated in 1986. Both Northwest which focussed largely on medium/long-haul and Republic which focussed more on short-haul operations used the airdrome of Minneapolis St. Paul ( MSP ) as their chief hub and competed on many paths. The US Department for Transport, responsible for air hose amalgamations at that clip, approved the amalgamation for two grounds. First, because the webs of both air hoses were likely to complement each other. Second, bec ause the synergism would be an chance for efficiency additions. However, the US Department of Justice argued that the amalgamation was anti-competitive and hence should non be permitted. As a effect of the sanctioned amalgamation, non merely competition was abolished from many duopolistic paths, but the merged Northwest became wholly supreme at MSP ( p. 95-96 ) . As can be seen in figure 2, Northwest ( NW ) , together with its code-share spouses, were responsible for 67.7 per cent of the flights, and 70.8 per cent of all riders at MSP in 2009. Furthermore, Bjork ( 2002 ) references that the strength of the big air hose at a hub airdrome is non the lone factor that threatens new entrants. The writer continues by saying that the US Department of Transport ( DOT ) has besides acknowledged that an incumbent air hose can beef up its solid place at a hub airdrome by a figure of steps and accordingly can censor all effectual competition. For illustration, it can be said that most big air hoses have acquired commuter spouses or have certain understandings with them. This ensures traffic flows between little spokes and the chief hub, which feed the international or intercontinental flights of the incumbent air hose. When this big air hose culls to interline at of import hub airdromes with new entrants, it may restrict the ability of the regional bearers to obtain provender traffic. As a consequence, limited competition is realised in both thin feeder markets and long-haul hub-to-hub markets ( p. 30 ) . Figure 2 Airline operations of major air hoses at Minneapolis-St. Paul Airport ( MSP ) in 2009 Abbreviations AA American Airlines DL Delta Airlines FL Air Tran SY SunCountry UA United Airlines US US Airways WN Southwest Airlines Beginning: compiled by the writer ; informations beginning: MSP Airport, 2009 3. Impacts on airdromes 3.1. Positive impacts on airdromes It can be stated that the presence of air hose confederations has assorted positive impacts on airdromes. First of wholly, as all members in an confederation have an extended finish web, because of the connecting options of their confederation spouses, it can be argued that the figure of transportation riders at airdromes additions. Figure 3 shows that the figure of transportation riders at Amsterdam Schiphol Airport in the Netherlands has risen steadily from 18 million in 2004 up to 20.3 million in 2008 ( Schiphol, 2011 ) . Hence, it can be believed that the presence of the SkyTeam confederation, which uses Amsterdam Schiphol as a hub, has certainly contributed to the growing of transportation riders. Second, as a effect, this increasing figure of transportation riders has besides a positive consequence on the purchase of duty-free merchandises in the airdrome stores. In order to increase the gross revenues at airdrome stores, an airdrome can make up ones mind on opening forte shops which may involvement international transportation riders. To utilize the illustration of Amsterdam Schiphol, the airdrome has opened more luxury duty-free shops in answer to the increasing demand by particularly Russian and Asiatic transportation riders. For illustration, this includes a Finest Spirits A ; Cigars shop and a shop that focuses on the sale of assorted cocoa merchandises ( Schiphol, 2011, p. 58 ) . Figure 3 The figure of transportation riders at Amsterdam Schiphol Airport ( 2004-2011 ) Beginning: compiled by the writer informations beginning: Schiphol, 2012 3.2. Negative impacts on airdromes In contrast with the assorted positive effects of air hose confederations on airdromes, there are besides some downsides. In this paragraph, two disadvantages of confederations on airdromes will be discussed. First, as air hose confederations bring an addition in traffic, congestion at an airdrome can be considered as a negative consequence, peculiarly at peak times. Particularly when there is an uneffective usage of the airdrome substructure, it can be difficult to suit the flights in a short timeframe ( Dennis, 2001 ) . At many of these types of airdromes it has been considered ineluctable to divide the usage of the track into time-defined sections normally known as slots ( Bjork, 2002, p. 28 ) . Harmonizing to IATA ( 2011 ) , slots can be defined as a permission given by a coordinator for a planned operation to utilize the full scope of airdrome substructure necessary to get or go at an [ aˆÂ ¦ ] airdrome on a specific day of the month and clip ( p. 11 ) . Besides, most flights at hubs are scheduled in so called waves . In each wave , a big figure of geting flights in a short timeframe is followed by more or less the same figure of goings, after leting some clip for rea llocation of riders and baggage. For illustration, figure 4 shows the moving ridge system of Germany s flag bearer Lufthansa at Munich Airport. This figure shows that a regular weekday consists of four moving ridges. Figure 4 Wave-system analysis of Lufthansa at Munich Airport Beginning: Burghouwt, 2007, p. 69 As airdromes do non hold an unrestricted extremum capacity during a wave , air hoses should accommodate their agendas consequently. Dennis ( 2001 ) discusses two chief options for rescheduling. Flights can either be added to the boundary lines of the present moving ridges, or new moving ridges can be developed to suit these extra flights. With respect to the figure of connexions, the first option is more likely to be chosen. However, while widening the current moving ridge, the connexion clip will besides increase. Figure 5 implies that a moving ridge with about 50 aircraft is likely to be the best option. Passing this figure could affect excess waiting clip for riders, which could ensue in an increased extremum burden on the terminal edifice ( p. 2 ) . Second, it is argued that the investing that airports will hold to do for confederations in order to suit seamless transportation connectivity, can besides hold a negative consequence on airdromes. In order to cut down the Minimum Connecting Time ( MCT ) for riders, airdromes have made some accommodations to their substructure. An illustration is Brussels Airport in Belgium, which upgraded their imposts and in-migration installations to make a better flow of riders reassigning from a Schengen beginning to a non-Schengen finish. Nevertheless, some airdromes are fundamentally non designed to suit traffic from air hose confederations. This is, for case, the instance when an airdrome consists of multiple terminuss that are non located near each other. This might take a rider a long clip to reassign when confederation spouses are spread over multiple terminuss, impacting the MCT as good ( Dennis, 2001 ) . Figure 5 Increase in connexions with moving ridge size ( based on 60 arrivals/departures per hr and 30 minute lower limit connecting clip ) Beginning: Dennis, 2001, p. 2 Decision Lorem ipsum dolour sit amet, ad Mali moderatius neglegentur eum. His suas eripuit scribentur ad, NEC in docendi ocurreret persequeris. Deseruisse Theophrastus copper vix, ex mel utamur repudiandae. Possit tacimates ne est, ut has platonem oportere. To sum up it can be said that what these unaligned air hoses resent in confederations is their sole character, the bureaucratic burden and the multi-lateral rank that distracts an air hose. Non-alignment agencies independent determinations that are taken quicker, version to altering demands and undivided focal point on the nucleus concern of the air hose. These air hoses have been helped in their determination non to fall in an confederation by the fact that the majority of inter-carrier understandings continue to be on the footing of bilateral trades and that confederation groupings are non truly sole. Alliance bearers retain a host of bilaterals with non-members and there are several cases of codification sharing between members of rival planetary confederations. Once the form of planetary confederations becomes much clearer and more stable and alliances become more and more sole in nature, it will go really hard for unaligned air hoses to collaborate with air hoses in confederatio n groupings. Furthermore, if existing confederations proceed to deeper integrating and accomplish ultimate cost decrease, this will tip the graduated table in favor of confederations, as it will increase their profitableness and competitory advantage. Such developments will set excess force per unit area on the unaligned air hoses to re-evaluate their attack towards confederations.

Investigating the environemtal impacts from plastic bags Research Paper

Investigating the environemtal impacts from plastic bags - Research Paper Example The Case Against Plastic Bags The manufacturing process requires 12 million barrels of oil per year, creating over 100 billion plastic shopping bags (Gamerman). With only about a 5% recycling rate (inspiration green), the landfills will overflow with bags that are not recycled or reused. A number of wildlife groups report discarded plastic bags are eaten by a variety of land and sea creatures with fatal effects. These concerns and other create the larger argument for environmental stewardship: The Tragedy of the Commons (Hardin, 1968) and TANSTAAFL (Dolan, 1971). Both of these writings warn of the economic â€Å"free rider† problem that is the bane of environmental stewardship The free rider problem refers to the polluting or overuse of the natural resources since no tax or fee is associated with dumping. The tragedy of the commons is the overuse and overgrazing of the common land. Since each herdsman wanted to maximize profits, they exploited the free grazing land by adding m ore and more cattle. Soon, the grazing land was destroyed, unable to recover and nobody could feed their cattle. The herdsmen who believed in proper stewardship either went broke or joined the others in selfish overuse. Pollution and contamination work the same way. Traditionally, industry would dump waste into rivers, bury toxins on site and spew horrid smoke into the air because the water, land and air were considered a common good; and companies could dump waste at â€Å"no cost†. With the Environmental Protection Agency and State environmental departments cracking down on polluters with fines and criminal penalties, this practice has abated, but does continue to a lesser extent. The neo-tragedy argument includes recycling and the after-effects of environmentally resilient products. TANSTAAFL (Dolan) originated in science fiction by Heinlein; the acronym means â€Å"there ain’t no such thing as a free lunch†. Dolan adopted the acronym in order to present his economic argument that pollution rights should be sold as an economic good. A calculation of the maximum mass of each pollutant potentially and immediately sorbed into the environment would lead to an inventory of polluting rights. These rights would be sold at auction to industries with a waste disposal problem. Other constituents would have to design non-polluting mechanisms to compete. Obviously, the cost of pollution would be set by the market. (Dolan) The money raised through the auction plus fines on pollution cheaters would pay for remediation. The plastic bag opponents take this argument one step further and assign responsibility for individual litter and recycling to the manufacturer. As much as 4% of trash in landfills consists of plastic bags. (DOE) As consumers use more and more plastic bags, even to contain trash, the landfills will take longer to naturally reclaim the natural resource of land. In an interesting study, small communal group, the Hutterites, were observed . (Hardin, 3) The finding was that when the colony size approaches 150, individuals begin to under-contribute and over-demand. Smaller groups manage by shame; however, larger groups lose that capacity. The commonistic approach of the Hutterites loses manageability in larger